liacs [HW] Jan 2015 actuators

devices – machines – apparatusses electrical control of physical events light – lamp – led – lcd movement – electromagnetism – coil, relay – motor – servo – speaker – piezo heat – nitinol

how much power / how many Watts one Watt is the rate at which work is done when an object's velocity is held constant at one meter per second against constant opposing force of one newtonvelocitynewton one Watt is the rate at which work is done when one ampere (A) of current flows through an electrical potential difference of one volt (V) determined by both voltage and current: P [W] = U [V] * I [A]workamperepotential differencevolt relations between physical quantities: hyper physicshyper physics examples – earphone milliWatt – LED: 50 mW – resistor: 0.25 W ( V * I < 0.25) – relay: 200…500 mW – power LED 1W – human: W – lamp 1…1000W (1 KW) – car: 9KW (Citroen 2CV).. 880KW (Bugatti, 2012)

Output deviceAmperesVoltsWattsac/dc vu meter1E-041 dc led dc headphone ac electromagnet small dc small toy motor dc servo (light)0.251dc PC fan dc stepper motor small dc servo (heavy)2612dc stepper motor large21224dc cooling fan ac automobile headlight51260dc incandescent lamp ac electromagnet large524120dc PA speaker 15"540200ac vacuum cleaner ac electric heater, stove ac Arduino output power: board +5V: max. 300mA.. 5V single output pin: max 4V

light

LED matrix

led strips / chains – adafruit – sparkfun - ebay RGB pixel addressable (shift register) RGB strip: connected per color common anode(+) / common cathode(-) constant current driver / buck regulator

PWM - pulse width modulation percieved brightness is not linear to duty cycle

led PWM controllers adafruit 12- or 16 bit PWM – better dynamic range than the 8 bit PWM from Arduino – 2 wire interface (SPI) – high speed refresh w/o using processing power – software selectable led current control – general brightness control

TSOP1738 / 1736 infrared

switching 240V AC (mains) Arduino remoteswitch library / 433MHz Tx module or hack:

solid state relay -zero cross switching -no sparks -quiet -easy interface (LED)

electromagnetism

relay

DC Motor Rotation

motor controlled events – position (wheel, cable, belt, rope) – rotation – force (linear motor) – lock / unlock – vibration (pager) – air stream (fan) – pressure (hydraulics) – fluids (pump) motor type – RPM, geared / ungeared – AC / DC – power ( Watts, NM ) how to get one – video recorder, dvd player, printer, scanner, disk drive – 250AC household: mixer, fan, – toy – tools (electric screwdriver, drill) – RS components RS components – Pollin surplus, Germany Pollin surplus, Germany

servo

-needs a continuous series of pulses -arduino library (Servo) available -may need >> 300mA current (up to 2A) when blocked or loaded -use extra supply + voltage regulator, common ground

stepper motor

unipolar / bipolar operation

motor control – LN2003/2803 : on/off control transistor darlington array 8 x 500mA max up to 30V – L293 : direction and on/off, low power dual H-bridge max 500mA / output L293D has internal protection diodes – L298 dual H-bridge ui/static/active/en/resource/technical/document/datasheet/CD pdf ui/static/active/en/resource/technical/document/datasheet/CD pdf max 40V, total current 4A – pololu controller supports microstepping current control, pot adjustable L/R en Step inputs (only 2 wires + GND)

L298 breakout board

sound laser (mirror) non-newtonian fluid arduino synth speaker

muscle wire - nitinol good: no moving parts, changes length or shape, silent bad: takes high current, gets hot, slow release, one way