Skocpol's Model of State Capacity Administrative Capacity International Relations Domestic Relations Source: Theda Skocpol, States and Social Revolution (Cambridge University Press, 1979)

Goldstone's (1991:142) Model of State Crisis source: Jack A. Goldstone, Revolution and Rebellion in the Early Modern World (U Calif., 1991) population pricesstate financial distress crisis elite mobility and competition mass mobilization potential (real wages, urban growth, age structure)

State Centered Model of Revolution Economic Crisis Political Crisis State Administrative Capacity

McAdam's (1982:51) Political Process Model Broad socioeconomic processes Expanding political opportunities Indigeneous organizational strength Cognitive liberation Social movement

McAdam's (1982:51) Political Process Model of Movement Development/Decline Broad socioeconomic processes shifting political opportunities organizational strength Level of insurgency Collective attribution Level of social control

Tarrow's Contribution Section One: The birth of social movements (amends Tilly) Section Two: How social movements affect/effect social change Section Three: –Mechanisms: “Mechanisms are a delimited set of changes that alter relations among specific sets of relations in identical or closely similar ways over a variety of situations.” (2011, p. 185). –Processes: set of mechanism that work in combination in similar ways across time and place. Waves of political opportunity, –1930s –1960s –1980s

Tarrow's Changing Repertoires Approach to Goals direct indirect Application to Targets/Interests generalspecific charivaris grain seizures strike demonstration boycott OLD NEW

How Movements Effect Social Change Oportunities: Increasing acccess, shifting alignments, influential allies, divided elites, and diminishing capacity for repression Tactics: cycles of violence, disruption, and convention Frames: Mobilizing and Action Frames Mobilization Organization

Tarrow's Argument 1. Opportunities and social movement cycles tend to move from the top down (pp ), with conflicts between elites eventually creating opportunities for grassroots challenges. 2. These cycles produce effects on participants, political institutions and practices, and on political culture (p. 164). 3. Historically, over the past two hundred years, there has been a tendency toward mass, modular, peaceful movements, which "flourish" in the modern era, particularly in Western democratic states (pp ).