NCMA Training: Price Analysis for Non-Price Analysts

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Presentation transcript:

NCMA Training: Price Analysis for Non-Price Analysts Jill L. Murphy ESC/PKF Senior Cost/Price Analyst March 2010

Price Analysis: A Step By Step Approach Analyzing Proposals 14 Steps of Pricing

Why We Analyze Proposals Per FAR 15.402: Contracting Officers Shall -- (A) Purchase Supplies and Services From Responsible Sources at Fair and Reasonable Prices. This Is the Basis for All Other Pricing Related Regulations and Policies.

General Considerations Objective of Proposal Analysis is to ensure that the final agreed-to price is fair and reasonable Contracting Officer is responsible for evaluating the reasonableness of offered prices: Contracting Officer may request the assistance of other experts to assist with the evaluation

General Considerations, Cont. Various analytical techniques may be used singly or in combination Complexity and circumstances of each acquisition determine the level of detail of the analysis required

Proposal Analyses Cost Analysis Price Analysis Cost Realism Analysis Technical Analysis Unit Prices Unbalanced Pricing

Proposal Analysis Steps Actions up to $10M - Buyer/PCO Tasks Actions > $10M 1. Examine Proposal for Compliance with FAR Table 15-2 and the RFP Price Analyst 2. Review Contractor’s “Groundrules and Assumptions” and/or “Terms and Conditions” Buyer/PCO & Price Analyst 3. Request Field Pricing Support (DCAA Audit / DCMA Pricing & Tech Supt if needed) 4. Request Technical Evaluation from Program Office 5. Build Pricing Model 6. Begin Preparing a Preliminary PNM 7. Start Performing Price/Cost Analysis

Proposal Analysis Steps Continued Actions up to $10M Buyer/PCO Tasks > $10M 8. Review Technical Evaluation for adequacy Buyer/PCO & Price Analyst 9. Review Audit results 10. Incorporate Tech & Audit into Pricing Model Price Analyst 11. Perform Weighted Guidelines Analysis (unless CPAF) 12. Final Price Analysis 13. Prepare Business Clearance Pricing Charts 14. Complete PPNM 15. Prepare Govt Offer Position for Negotiations

Step 1 Examine Proposal Data Does proposal contain Cost or Pricing Data in a format consistent with FAR Table 15-2 (FAR 15.408)? Does proposal comply with specific RFP instructions? If answer to either question is No, call contractor ASAP.

FAR Table 15-2 (Found under FAR 15.408(m)) FAR Table 15-2 requires: A Proposal Index of all Cost or Pricing Data Cost Element Breakdowns for each CLIN consistent with contractor’s cost accounting system Total Summaries by Cost Element Identification of Incurred Costs (Actuals) Submission of FPRA if negotiated Proposed use of Govt Furnished Property If subject to Cost Accounting Standards (CAS), a statement on adequacy of Disclosure Statement Identification of any CAS non-compliances

FAR Table 15-2 - Continued Even though Cost or Pricing Data is factual not judgmental, per Table 15-2 I C, contractor must submit any information reasonably required to explain estimating process, including -- The judgmental factors applied and the mathematical or other methods used in the estimate The nature and amount of any contingencies included in the proposed price.

FAR Table 15-2 Cost Elements Material - Contractor must provide: a consolidated priced summary of individual material quantities (Bill of Material) identifying the item, source, quantity, and price. Summary of cost analysis of Subcontracts over $650K if no exception applies and subcontract cost or pricing data if thresholds exceeded ($11.5M+ or 10%+ of total price)

FAR Table 15-2 Cost Elements - Continued Labor - Contractor must provide: a time-phased (e.g., monthly, quarterly, etc.) breakdown of labor hours, rates, and cost by appropriate category, and furnish bases for estimates Note: This where the contractor tells us “how and why” they bid the hours they did. It almost always includes judgmental factors

FAR Table 15-2 Cost Elements - Continued Indirect Costs - Contractor must provide: how they computed and applied indirect costs, including cost breakdowns. Show trends and budgetary data to provide a basis for evaluating the reasonableness of proposed rates. Indicate the rates used and provide an appropriate explanation. Note: In proposals with major contractors, indirect cost data is often limited to a description and listing of the rates. The details behind the rates are contained in the contractor’s forward pricing rate proposal submitted to DCAA & DCMA. We rely on DCAA & DCMA to analyze that data.

Step 2 Request Field Pricing Support DFARs 215.404-2 contains the following guidance: (i)  The contracting officer should consider requesting field pricing assistance for— (A)  Fixed-price proposals exceeding $650K; (C)  Cost-type proposals exceeding $10 million from offerors without significant estimating system deficiencies.

Step 2 Request Field Pricing Support Usually a full DCAA Audit but sometimes we tailor our request to specific elements of cost We rarely ask DCMA to perform a Technical Evaluation But DCMA can be of assistance to our technical evaluators

Step 3 Request Technical Evaluation Buyer/PCO will request tech eval Tell them what needs to be evaluated Material (Types & Quantities) Labor Hours ODCs Person doing pricing should communicate to Tech Eval team on how they need the Tech Eval summarized. e.g. Hours by Labor Category, by CLIN, by Year

Step 4 Build a Pricing Model Build a spreadsheet model to price the action Includes all cost elements & Profit Original Model will validate accuracy of contractor’s proposed price If model doesn’t produce same result as proposal (except minor rounding errors), either your model is wrong or proposal is wrong (Hint: it is usually your model that is wrong) If Contractor’s proposal is wrong, contact contractor

Sample Pricing Model

Step 5 Begin Preparing Preliminary PNM A Preliminary PNM is not duplication of effort. It is essentially 2/3 of the final PNM It can help avoid mistakes that may not be easily corrected after negotiations Knowing what you need to address in the PNM will force you to address those things during proposal analysis & negotiation At this point you can already prepare 1/3 of the PNM – Introductory info, Proposed amounts and Basis of Proposal sections of the Cost Element Summary portion of the PNM

Step 6 Start Doing Price/Cost Analysis If we or someone else bought the same or similar item before: What was the price? How long ago? what quantity? delivery schedule? Same Ts & Cs, financing methods? Did we ask for actual cost data from prior buy? (if not, do it now!) This is “cost analysis” not price analysis but make sure technical team is given access to this data for tech eval

Price vs. Cost Analysis Price Analysis is… Look at total price Reasonableness is based on a comparison of proposed prices to same or similar items Profit is imbedded in price Cost Analysis is… Look at detailed cost breakout Reasonableness is based on a thorough analysis of each cost element Profit is evaluated

Price vs. Cost Analysis Truth in Negotiation Act (TINA) says MUST obtain cost or pricing data (certified) over $650,000 UNLESS Price Based on Adequate Price Competition Price analysis, usually comparison of offers Law or Regulation (mainly utilities) Commercial Item Price analysis Modification of a commercial item Waived by Head Of Contracting Activity Use cost analysis for procurements over $650,000 where an exception/waiver does not apply

Cost Analysis Per Far 15.404-1 (a)(3) Cost analysis shall be used to evaluate the reasonableness of individual cost elements when cost or pricing data are required. Price analysis should be used to verify that the overall price offered is fair and reasonable

Cost Analysis Analysis of each major cost element Labor Hours Labor Dollars Indirect Costs (Fringes, Labor Overhead) Materials Subcontracts Intra-Company Transfers Other Direct Costs Cost of Money General and Administrative Profit/Fee Other cost elements can be added when applicable

Cost Analysis (cont) Cost Analysis is a Team Effort Your job is coordinate efforts of the entire team to ensure a thorough analysis is performed.

FAR Price Analysis Methods FAR 15.404-1(b)(2) includes the following examples of methods of price analysis: COMPARE PROPOSED PRICES PREVIOUS PRICES Parametric Catalog or published prices Government estimates Market prices Pricing information provided by offeror First two are in BOLD because they are preferred.

Price Analysis Methods in FAR The first two techniques are the preferred techniques (15.404-1(b)(3)) If CO determines that information on competitive proposed prices or previous contract prices is insufficient to determine that the price is fair and reasonable May use any of the remaining techniques Roughly listed: Least Intrusive to Most Intrusive But don’t ignore any pertinent information! Government estimate Market research Historical prices Explain what you concluded on any price information Check all available information/avenues Document in appropriate detail. Remember that someone else will need to know WHO, WHAT, WHERE , WHEN and HOW. Especially: How you arrived at your conclusion. If you really don’t know why a number is different, say so but don’t just ignore it. For examples if an old historical price is less than current prices and you can’t find any information on how it was developed say that.

FAR Price Analysis Methods FAR 15.404-1(b)(2) includes the following examples of methods of price analysis: COMPARE PROPOSED PRICES

Comparison of Proposed Prices Comparison of proposed prices received in response to solicitation (competitive) Considered reasonable unless PCO has information to believe it is not Especially if competition meets standard for Adequate Price Competition in FAR 1st technique is Comparison of Proposed Prices Be careful of cost type contracts; usually requires cost realism analysis which should lead to cost reasonableness Noted that the proposed prices may not meet the standard for adequate price competition but can still be compared. If the prices do meet the standard for adequate price competition, can generally assume they are reasonable.

Adequate Price Competition APC FAR reference 15.403-1(c)(1) Comparison to other proposed prices received is normally used as part of adequate price competition (APC) determination What conditions need to exist for APC? Expected at least 2 offers Compete independently Can satisfy government requirements Best value award Price offered is not unreasonable Price is a substantial factor in source selection

FAR Price Analysis Methods FAR 15.404-1(b)(2) includes the following examples of methods of price analysis: COMPARE PROPOSED PRICES PREVIOUS PRICES

Compare to Previous Prices Price Analysis includes: Validating basis of prior determination of fair and reasonable Competitive, sole source, commercial? Prior award date Quantity Price Price Analysis includes: Validate basis of prior determination of fair and reasonable Competition prior award date quantity Price Document and address adjustments to the current buy

Compare to Previous Prices Be Aware of: New item vs. overhaul with same National Stock Number Urgent vs. normal delivery schedule Technology change Configuration change Terms and conditions Manufacturing process changes Market conditions Etc. NSNs don’t distinguish between a new item and an overhaul or surplus Jo41 shows surplus but not necessarily overhaul/new item. Some examples of titles for various Price Evaluation Codes are: adequate price competition price comparisons based upon previous adequate price price comparison based upon contract price history other price comparison technique cost analysis using certified cost or pricing data price based upon formula pricing agreement price comparison on an independent government estimate surplus value analysis award based on other than price

Compare to Previous Prices Document details of analysis For example: Escalation used Time, rate, etc. Basis and currency of previous price Competition, cost analysis, etc. Similarity of items Any difference affecting price Explain differences or adjustments Quantify price differences

Step 7 Review Tech Eval for Adequacy Does Technical Evaluation: Address types and quantity of labor? Provide sufficient rationale for all labor hour positions (Objective & Going-In)? If proposed numbers were accepted – why? If reductions are recommended – why? Are recommendations summarized correctly to allow Govt Pricing Positions to be developed? Have all hours been evaluated? Doubts about tech eval? - play “devil’s advocate” with technical team on key issues

Step 8 Review Audit Report Did Audit review all costs? What did we request? Are the results of the audit “qualified” for any reason? Are there “unresolved” or “unsupported” costs? If so why? You may need to contact contractor to insist they provide support to DCAA Utilize ESC Liaison Auditor (Zelma Calderon) What are the “Report Release Restrictions “ Do You understand Audit Results?

Step 9 Incorporate Tech Eval and Audit Results into Pricing Model Double check your entries Make sure you are not duplicating exceptions taken by Tech Eval & Audit e.g. Tech Eval deletes Part # NGX105 valued at $100,500 DCAA questions costs of $27,000 for Part # NGX105 If Tech Eval position is adopted you delete $100,500 from Material (Don’t delete another $27,000) Does the total cost look right? e.g. how did a 12% reduction in hours result in a 20% reduction in total cost? (probably not right)

Analyze the Govt Position Step 9 Incorporate Tech Eval and Audit Results into Pricing Model (Cont) Analyze the Govt Position Is it consistent with Price Analysis? Top-Down look at hours How many equivalent full-time people are represented by the labor hours? Does it make sense?

Step 10 Perform Weighted Guidelines Analysis DFARS 215.404-4 the use of the Weighted Guidelines tool to develop a pre-negotiation profit or fee objective Except for: Cost Plus Award Fee Contracts Contracts with Federally Funded Research and Development Centers (FFRDCs)

Step 10 Perform Weighted Guidelines Analysis Key Elements Contractor Risk Factors Contract Type Risk Working Capital Contractor Facilities Capital Employed Cost Efficiency Factor

WEIGHTED GUIDELINES

Step 11 Complete Price Analysis This is the final cross check of the cost analysis. Does our Objective Price make sense when compared to the same or similar efforts all thing considered… Quantities Schedule Escalation Ts & Cs

Step 12 Prepare Business Clearance Charts Using Data from your Pricing Model, prepare Business Clearance charts. Template for charts can be found on the PK Homepage – Local Process Guidance - Documents Library - Clearance

Step 13 Complete Preliminary PNM Everything but “Results of Negotiations” should be complete.

Must be a complete summary of the negotiation process What is a PNM? *** Price Negotiation Memorandum *** “ A PNM is a document that summarizes the process of negotiating a contract’s price; the outcome of that process; and, serves as a record of the decisions made in determining a price to be fair and reasonable.” Nash and Cibinic Must be a complete summary of the negotiation process

What is a PNM? Every PNM should show the contractor’s proposed amounts, the Air Force Objective, and the negotiated amounts by cost element.

Need for Documentation Why Document your pricing? FAR 12.209 …the contracting officer must establish price reasonableness in accordance with 13.106-3, 14.408-2, or Subpart 15.4, as applicable… FAR 13.106-3(a)(2) If only one response is received, include a statement of price reasonableness in the contract file FAR 15.406-3 CO…shall document in the contract file the principle elements of the negotiated agreement What is the Documentation used for? Providing information for future buyers/CO’s Defending the Air Force in claims or protests Supporting Defective Pricing efforts Providing information for DoD IG, GAO, etc.

Organize Your Thoughts Top-Level Pricing Impacts CLIN Organization By Debit/Credit By Contract Type Flows to the modification/contract Set up a matrix Picture of the pricing changes Useful for Clearance Briefing Outline for PNM writing

What Makes a Good PNM What Makes a Good PNM Documentation of analysis (crux of pricing and PNM) Discussion of issues and positions Negotiated terms and conditions Logical flow: Proposal to Tech Eval Tech Eval to Price/Cost Analysis Price/Cost Analysis to PNM (& Negotiations) PNM to Modification/Contract All numbers consistent Understand how to develop pricing numbers Have you convinced the reader that the Price is fair and reasonable? Achieved through complete and accurate price/cost analysis and full discussion

Step 14 Prepare Govt Offer Position Prepare Government Offer Position Both cost and profit/fee You need to be able to tell the contractor why your offer is less than the proposal (details) Understand the key technical & audit issues and be able to talk to them in “layman’s” terms

Clearance Review & Approval Reference: AFFARS 5301.9000 Clearance Ensures contract file and intended contract/modification comply with law, policies and regulation; and result in fair and reasonable business arrangements Approval to begin negotiations with traditional pricing We no longer use IPT Pricing! (Policy Memo 2009-PK-003)

Final Thoughts Proposal Analysis is a Team Effort Everybody’s part is important Use Available Resources When we have done a good cost analysis - Negotiations can be fun, challenging and very rewarding.

Questions?