Elections and Voting – Unit 3 – Topic 2 When do Presidential Elections occur? What are the requirements for Presidential candidates? What is the ‘invisible primary’? How are Presidential candidates selected? How and when are vice-presidential candidates selected? What functions do modern day National Party Conventions have? What roles do money and television play in the General Election campaign? What factors explain voting behaviour? How does the Electoral College system work?

What are the seven stages of the election process? The invisible primary – up to two years before the Presidential Election Primaries and caucuses –January to June Choosing the vice-presidential candidate - July National Party Conventions - August General Election Campaigns - August to November Election Day - First Tuesday after the first Monday in November Electoral College – the Monday following the second Wednesday in December The actual announcement is made to the Senate on the 6th January and the new President and Vice – President are sworn in on January 20th.

Constitutional requirements: Natural born citizen At least 35 years old Have to have had residency for 14 years There has been a two term limit since 1951, so the candidate should not have exceeded this.

Extra constitutional requirements Governors/Senators/Vice- presidents/Representatives? Political experience

General Dwight D Eisenhower 1953 - 1961 Exceptions General Dwight D Eisenhower 1953 - 1961

Major party endorsement Pat Buchannan – 1992 Ross Perot – 1992 Third party candidates stand little chance

Personal Characteristics

……….more personal characteristics……..gender and marital status 'Dare To Compete' In Politics Comment Now ……….more personal characteristics……..gender and marital status A recent study of 18 to 25-year-old men and women found a “persistent gender gap” when it came to the political ambition between sexes. Women surveyed were not only less likely to express interest in or consider running for office than their male counterparts, they were also far less likely to consider an elective office as a desirable profession. The study goes on to cite a number of cultural forces influencing these attitudes, including the fact that women report feeling less qualified to run for office, and consequently require significant convincing from others rather than independently raising their hands.  Even at the earliest of ages, women report receiving less encouragement as their male peers. What’s more, in today’s new media environment, there are far more ways to influence the political agenda than running for office or punching your card at the voting booths. Thanks to social media, for example, women can impact policy and leverage their voice in ways that were never possible a decade ago. As women, we can’t just “lean in” to the political process — we have to “step up” (even if this means developing that “rhinoceros skin” Eleanor Roosevelt deemed so imperative.) The Most Powerful Women In Politics, 2012 1 of 20 Despite these global political role models, are women in America willing to “step up” and throw their hat into the brutal, rough-and-tumble world of politics as candidates? The paths may be getting paved faster than ever before for future generations of women to ascend in the political ranks, yet are these the paths women are looking to follow? Nonetheless, the presence of more women in positions of political power around the world does serve as a powerful affirmation of what’s possible for others. Women, for example, are at the helm of some of the world’s largest economies such as Brazil and Germany and here at home, women’s representation in the Senate is at an all time high. As Minority Speaker of the House, Nancy Pelosi serves as the highest-ranking woman in government today, while others leaders such as Homeland Security Secretary Janet Napolitano and Health and Human Services Secretary Kathleen Sebelius hold some of the most powerful cabinet positions in the current administration. Are female politicians doing enough to encourage other women to run for office? Despite the history-making possibilities associated with a Clinton bid for the oval office, her remarks were a sobering reminder that not enough women today are willing to make a run for elected office. Very few of us can relate to or take cue from the course she’s charted in becoming arguably the most powerful woman in American politics today. What’s more, she’s charted that course over the past two decades under the same unrelenting public eye that’s soured the political aspirations of so many women eager to engage in our political system. In a conversation with a Toronto audience last week, Hillary Clinton ignited further speculation around a potential 2016 presidential run. “Hypothetically speaking, I really do hope that we have a woman president in my lifetime,” said Clinton to an enthusiastic audience of thousands. “I hope that we will see a woman elected because I think it would send exactly the right historic signal to girls, women as well as boys and men. And I will certainly vote for the right woman to be president.” Although electing a female president would, according to Clinton, require a “leap of faith” on the part of American voters, such an historic occasion also “really depends on women stepping up and subjecting themselves to the political process, which is very difficult,” admitted Clinton. She referenced former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt who noted, “If women want to be in politics, they need to ‘grow skin as thick as a rhinoceros.’” “And I think there is still truth to that, so you have to step up, you have to dare to compete,” Clinton added. The bottom line though is that in order to effect real change in this country, women now more than ever need to “dare to compete” and take active roles at the center of our political process. At the recent Forbes Women’s Summit in New York, I asked Secretary Napolitano to identify the most under-utilized tool that women possess to impact meaningful reform in this country.  Her answer was decisive and immediate, “Run for office.  There are frustrations and it’s hard. Take the risk and run.  You can’t win if you don’t run.” I only hope that more leaders such as Napolitano and Clinton amplify this critical message.

Money – the ability to fundraise or self -finance opensecrets.org See all candidates -- including those who have dropped out.                        Barack Obama (D) Mitt Romney (R) Raised $715,677,692 $446,135,997 Spent $683,546,548 $433,281,516 Debts $7,223,153 $1,200,000 Cash (on Hand) $5,397,399 $12,921,629 Overall Spending (See More) BLUE TEAM $1,107,114,702 RED TEAM $1,238,097,161

Telegenic and oratorical skills Bill Clinton Barack Obama

Sound and relevant policies ‘The economy, stupid’ Bill Clinton Campaign Finance – John McCain The Iraq War – Howard Dean Healthcare Reform - Obama