1 Stormwater Management Issued May 2009 Level II: Introduction to Design Education and Certification for Persons Involved in Land Disturbing Activities

2 Stormwater Management Stormwater Runoff Stormwater Runoff Urbanization Urbanization Stormwater Controls Stormwater Controls Design and Review Focus Design and Review Focus

3 What is Stormwater Runoff? Stormwater is… Stormwater is… Rain that hits the earth’s surface Rain that hits the earth’s surface Stormwater Runoff is… Stormwater Runoff is… Rain that runs off hardened surfaces Rain that runs off hardened surfaces

4 Stormwater Runoff “Non-Point Source” Pollution Stormwater runoff picks up pollutants as it runs off impervious surfaces Stormwater runoff picks up pollutants as it runs off impervious surfaces Oils/Grease Oils/Grease Metal Particles Metal Particles Pesticides Pesticides Pet Wastes/Pathogens Pet Wastes/Pathogens Nutrients Nutrients Excessive Sediment Excessive Sediment

5 Erosion and Sedimentation Sediment is the #1 nonpoint source of water pollution Sediment is the #1 nonpoint source of water pollution Erosion causes additional problems Erosion causes additional problems Loss of property Loss of property Degradation of streams Degradation of streams

6 Start at the Source Uncontrolled construction sites dump huge amounts of sediment downstream Uncontrolled construction sites dump huge amounts of sediment downstream

7 Common Misconception Stormwater from roads and construction sites is directed to storm drains Stormwater from roads and construction sites is directed to storm drains Stormwater that enters a storm drain gets treated Stormwater that enters a storm drain gets treated Where does it really go? Where does it really go?

8 The Truth Is… Stormwater usually receives no treatment at all Stormwater usually receives no treatment at all It goes to the nearest stream! It goes to the nearest stream!

9 Impacts of Sedimentation Bare soil easily washes into storm drains and into streams, clouding the water and suffocating aquatic life. Bare soil easily washes into storm drains and into streams, clouding the water and suffocating aquatic life.

10 Impacts of Sedimentation Sediments can block culverts and displace flood waters Sediments can block culverts and displace flood waters

11 What’s All the Fuss ? 3% of Earth’s water is freshwater 3% of Earth’s water is freshwater < 1% Earth’s freshwater is potable – limited resources < 1% Earth’s freshwater is potable – limited resources 40% of streams are not clean enough for fishing and swimming 40% of streams are not clean enough for fishing and swimming

12 Problem: Stream Pollution

13 Goal: Clean Healthy Streams

14 Penalties Builder ordered to pay $2.3 million over storm runoff “A Cobb County jury this week slapped a builder with what may be the largest judgment in a storm water pollution case in Georgia history.” Builder ordered to pay $2.3 million over storm runoff “A Cobb County jury this week slapped a builder with what may be the largest judgment in a storm water pollution case in Georgia history.” The Atlanta Journal-Constitution 05/12/05

15 Growth and Development Urbanization happens… Urbanization happens…

16 Urbanization Understanding stormwater impacts due to Urbanization Understanding stormwater impacts due to Urbanization Source: District-Wide Watershed Management Plan-Preliminary Draft, Metropolitan North Georgia Water Planning District, March 10, 2003.

17 Back to Basics Rainfall Rainfall Infiltration Infiltration Evapotranspiration Evapotranspiration Runoff Runoff

18 Stormwater and Urbanization As land is developed: Ground is compacted - less water can naturally infiltrate Ground is compacted - less water can naturally infiltrate Less trees and less evapotranspiration Less trees and less evapotranspiration MORE stormwater runs off MORE stormwater runs off

19 Stormwater and Urbanization Arrow lengths indicate increase/decrease Arrow lengths indicate increase/decrease

20 From “River of Fire” to Clean Water Act Cuyahoga River Cuyahoga River

21 Stormwater Management Stormwater Management Stormwater Quality – “how good” Stormwater Quality – “how good” Stormwater Quantity – “how much” Stormwater Quantity – “how much” Quantity is directly related to … Quality

22 What’s It All About? Remember… Remember… Streams, streams, streams

23 Stormwater Quantity Impacts Stable Channel Downcutting WideningSedimentation Stable, Entrenched Pre- to Post-Development

24 Stormwater Quantity Impacts Impervious surfaces cause higher runoff volume Impervious surfaces cause higher runoff volume High velocity stormwater runoff causes stream erosion High velocity stormwater runoff causes stream erosion Stream erosion causes habitat and property loss Stream erosion causes habitat and property loss

25 Stormwater Quantity Impacts Downcutting exposes sewer lines that can break, leading to water quality impacts Downcutting exposes sewer lines that can break, leading to water quality impacts

26 Stormwater Quality Impacts Increased wash-off of pollutants Increased wash-off of pollutants Increased water temperature Increased water temperature Results in: Results in: Decrease in aquatic life Decrease in aquatic life Loss of vegetation Loss of vegetation Loss of healthy streams for recreation Loss of healthy streams for recreation Declining quality of drinking water supplies Declining quality of drinking water supplies

27 Stormwater Quality Impacts Microbial Pollution Trash & Debris Transportation Hydrocarbons

28 Construction Site Controls Use of construction site controls protect water quality Left - stream drains farm/pasture Right - drains development area

29 Design & Review Focus Locate streams, drainage patterns Locate streams, drainage patterns Delineate sub-basins for each phase Delineate sub-basins for each phase Calculate flows Calculate flows Calculate sediment storage requirements Calculate sediment storage requirements Permanent vs temporary pond Permanent vs temporary pond Locate monitoring stations Locate monitoring stations Maintenance plan Maintenance plan

30 Design & Review Focus

31 Base Sheet Locate all streams Identify state waters and wetlands Determine drainage patterns for existing conditions including route of storm sewer infrastructure Delineate drainage basins for existing conditions

32 ES&PC Sheets Determine # phases of construction and ES&PC Plans Prepare separate sheet for each phase Clearly identify streams, state waters, wetlands, existing pipe outfalls, discharge points on each sheet Identify limits of disturbance for each phase

33 Delineation of Basins Identify discharge points Determine drainage patterns based upon grading plan for each phase Identify off-site drainage and drainage from undisturbed areas Delineate drainage subbasins for each phase Determine area of each subbasin including bypass drainage

34 Calculations Calculate sediment storage needed for each subbasin based on 67 cy per acre drained Provide flow rates and/or runoff coefficients; use consistent methodology throughout various phases Prepare table with subbasin areas Any storm drain system designed will be prepared per design standards

35 Sediment Storage Determine location of temporary and permanent sediment ponds/structures

36 Reviewer Focus Check sheets against topo/aerial map Find streams, wetlands Does pattern make sense? Check critical points of discharge; streams, structures, etc Check slopes Check discharge points and off-site flows Calculations of sediment volume

37 Base Plan Sheet (existing conditions, phase I E&S) Locate all streams; name and label perennial, intermittent, ephemeral Identify state waters, required protective buffers, floodplain limits, wetlands Determine existing drainage basins and flow direction, include existing storm sewer pipe system Delineate drainage basins Label receiving water bodies and discharge points Identify if stream is impaired (on Georgia 305b/303d lists)

38 Reviewer Focus #1 Verify state waters, buffers, floodplain limits, wetlands Verify drainage basins using topo/aerial map Ensure all state waters are identified, labeled, & protected w/ buffers Site visit, if necessary

39 ES&PC Sheets (all phases) Determine phases of construction on ES&PC Plans Prepare separate sheet for each phase Clearly identify streams, state waters, wetlands, buffers, floodplain limits, existing pipe outfalls, discharge points on each sheet with any impaired streams labeled Identify limits of disturbance for phases II & III

40 Reviewer Focus #2 Use approved plan review checklist to verify compliance Look for critical areas where extra measures may be needed

41 Delineation of Basins (phases II & III) Identify discharge points on-site Determine drainage patterns based on Grading Plan for each phase Identify and label off-site drainage and drainage from on-site undisturbed areas Delineate drainage sub-basins for each phase Determine area of each sub-basin including bypass drainage

42 Reviewer Focus #3 Verify discharge points and check off-site flows Review topo map and verify drainage sub- basins Review construction activities in each phase and in each sub-basin Mark areas of steep slopes and anticipate location of sediment ponds and other BMPs

43 Sediment Pond Determine location of temporary and permanent sediment ponds/structures Permanent ponds can be used for sediment ponds in initial and intermediate phases Sediment ponds are not perfect solution to sediment control; important to use other BMPs Sediment ponds are most effective under smaller storm events Permanent ponds are better at controlling sediment Calculate sediment storage needed based on 67 C.Y. per disturbed acre Calculate elevation of pond and label elevation of 1/3 storage volume. Provide note stating “Sediment shall be removed from the basin when 1/3 of the storage volume has been lost to sediment accumulation.” Standpipe in sediment pond acts as 100-year overflow, determine top elevation

44 Reviewer Focus #4 Verify sediment storage of 67 C.Y. per acre for entire drainage basin is provided Verify use of excavated inlet protection, retrofitted detention ponds, or temporary sediment basins for sediment storage Check elevation/storage table and verify 1/3 depth and 100-year discharge elevation

45 Other BMPs Use other measures with sediment ponds to protect during higher storm events Double silt fence with mulch Berm at downstream construction limits Protect slopes with appropriate measures Use applicable vegetative measures

46 Reviewer Focus #5 Check slopes Verify vegetative plan includes all temporary and permanent species with planting dates and seeding, fertilizer and mulching rates appropriate to seasons and region

47 Calculations and Data to Provide Prepare table with sub-basin areas Provide elevation/storage table for sediment storage needed for entire site based on 67 C.Y. per acre Provide the 100-year hydrograph & flow rate using SCS methodology for Sd3 calculations Calculate elevation of standpipe to route 100-year storm through sediment pond Any storm drain system designed will be prepared per design standards Outfall calculations including energy dissipaters, etc.

48 Reviewer Focus #6 Verify chart is provided of storm drain pipe and weir discharge velocities Verify outlet protection calculations to ensure discharges will not produce erosion Check calculations of sediment volume Calculations, stone size, dimensions of outlet protection must be shown

49 Monitoring Stations Goal – to determine increase in sediment due to site disturbance Option #1 – place at all stormwater outfalls and final discharge points Option #2 – place upstream and downstream of site, sample within receiving waters Site may discharge to more than one receiving water body so provide equal # downstream monitoring stations

50 Reviewer Focus #7 Verify monitoring stations are identified on plans Verify each outfall/discharge point has monitoring station labeled (option #1) Verify each receiving water body has monitoring station labeled (option #2)

51 Helpful Tips for Designers Obtain checklist from GSWCC or local government and use while designing For pipe outfall design, provide junction box and short section on flat slope (1%) to be effective energy dissipater Table of sub-basin acreage will help to quickly show what flows bypass and what is collected in a sediment pond Identification of sub-basins and discharge points helpful in locating monitoring stations

52 Helpful Tips for Designers For large developments, may have discharge points in one phase that flows through unconstructed phase Convey by open channel; or Place into black, flexible pipe until next phase is constructed Permanent ponds are more effective with less chance of releasing sediment during high storm events

53 Questions?