Behavior Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Social Norms Cognitive Dissonance Stages of Change.

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Classical Conditioning

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Behavior Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Social Norms Cognitive Dissonance Stages of Change

Classical Conditioning Ivan P. Pavlov ( ) Russian physiologist Credited for the first systematic investigation into classical conditioning. Won the Nobel Prize for his discoveries on digestion. (Introduction to Learning and Behavior, 2002 – Pwell, R, Symbaluk, D., Maconald, S.)

Classical Conditioning

That was easy! Environmental behavioral change Knowing about your behavior can make you more conscious of your decisions. The Office – Altoids

Are you being classically conditioned?

Operant Conditioning Edwin L. Thorndike (1874 – 1949) Law of Effect Cat in box maze B. F. Skinner ( ) Learning by consequences Skinner box (Introduction to Learning and Behavior, 2002 – Pwell, R, Symbaluk, D., Maconald, S.)

Operant Conditioning Chamber

Operant Conditioning in action: Self-control Physical Restraint Physically manipulate the environment to prevent the occurrence of some problem behavior. Depriving and Satiating Deprive or satiate yourself, thereby altering the likelihood of a behavior.

Operant Conditioning Doing something else  To prevent yourself from engaging in certain behaviors, perform an alternate task. Self Reinforcement and Self Punishment  A self control tactic that might seem obvious from a behavioral standpoint is to simply reinforce/ punish your own behavior.

Self Reinforcement and Self Punishment Four types of Contingencies Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement Positive Punishment Negative Punishment

Operant Conditioning Positive Reinforcement – Consist of the presentation of a stimulus (usually considered pleasant or rewarding) following a response, which then leads to an increase in the future strength of that response. Negative Reinforcement – Is the removal of a stimulus (usually considered unpleasant or aversive) following a response that then leads to an increase in the future strength of that response.

Operant Conditioning Positive Punishment – Consist of the presentation of a stimulus (usually considered unpleasant or aversive) following a response, which then leads to a decrease in the future strength of that response. Negative Punishment – Consist of the removal of a stimulus (usually considered pleasant or rewarding) following a response, which then leads to a decrease in the future strength of that response.

Four Types of Contingencies Positive Reinforcement (Treating) Negative Reinforcement (Nagging) Positive Punishment (Spanking) Negative Punishment (Grounding) When you want to increase a behavior, reinforce. When you want to decrease a behavior, punish. When you introduce a stimulus, it’s called positive. When you take away a stimulus, it’s called negative.

Operant Conditioning How does operant conditioning fit into our daily lives? How could operant conditioning be used to create or reduce behavior change to better the environment?

Social Norms A general rule of conduct reflecting standards of social approval and disapproval What are some social norms relating to environmental behaviors?  How do they influence you?  Are you comfortable challenging them?

MessageReuse rate Protect Environment38% Cooperate to protect envt36% Descriptive norms48%