Please get all four handouts from the table !

 December 17, 2010  Protests begin  January 14, 2011  President Zine El Abidine Ben Ali flees to Saudi Arabia

 Technocratic administration  Government controlled by scientists, engineers and other experts  New constitution and electoral board  Islamist party Ennahda competes for power  Interim government until elections this year  President Moncef Marzouki  Most advanced women’s rights in the Arab world, gender equality in elected assemblies

 Moncef Marzouki

 Islamist militants threaten attacks  Widespread resentment over unemployment, economic development and the high cost of living  Relies of European tourism, which has fallen  Trafficking continues to be a problem  Increased number of street children

 Corruption  Electoral fraud  Censorship  Low wages  High unemployment  Inspiration from other protests

 Hosni Mubarak took power in 1981 after the assassination of President Anwar El Sadat  National Democratic Party  One-party rule  Continuous state of emergency  Support of the West by maintaining policies of suppression towards Islamic militants and peace with Israel

 Enacted after the 1967 Six-Day War  Police powers extended  Constitutional rights suspended  Censorship legalized  May imprison people without reason and indefinitely ▪ Cited the threat of terrorism to extend the law ▪ Led the imprisonment of activists ▪ Hidden detention facilities

 Alleged torture, abuse and death and the hands of police  Activists and observers circulate cellphone video  Police brutality was high in response to protests

 Rapid population growth  Youth bulge  Unemployment  Living conditions remained poor  Economic corruption  Members of the NDP seemed to be the only people who benefitted from the nation’s wealth

 Opposition groups called for a planned day of revolt  Protest against police abuse  National Police Day  Video blogging, Facebook  Tahrir Square

 Later that night clashes broke out between revolutionaries and pro-Mubarak demonstrators  Protests continue the next day and on Feb 1 Mubarak makes another address offering more concessions

 On July 3, 2013 – generals ousted democratically elected Mohamed Morsy  Muslim Brotherhood ▪ Now banned as a terrorist organization  Field Marshal Abdel Fattah El-Sisi was elected in the spring of 2014  Redrafting the constitution has been conflicted

 High unemployment  On the brink of an energy crisis  Instability  Repression of protestors and government critics ▪ More than 1,400 killed since July  March – 529 death sentences to Morsi and Muslim Brotherhood supporters  Al Jazeera journalists arrested and detained  Claims of sexual abuse against women  “virginity tests”

 Fought between forces loyal to Colonel Muammar Gaddafi and those seeking to oust his government  Protests against the government escalated into a rebellion

 Muammar Gaddafi – took office in 1969 in coup  The Green Book  Stepped down from power in 1977  Ceremonial position  Weak military, outdated weapons  Maintained a balance of power

 1975 – manifesto  Decentralized direct democracy, state run  People’s committee’s which served as local governments  Indirectly elected by the General People’s Committee led by a Secretary-General as the executive branch

 Oil revenues  Offer services or to supporters  Spent on arms, sponsoring militant groups  Gaddafi family had a personal fortune  Lavish lifestyles, luxurious homes, Hollywood film investments and private parties  Proposed reform for oil money to be spent on the people was delayed in 2009

 Strict censorship  Executed dissidents through public hangings and mutilations and re-broadcast them on public television channels  Dissident was illegal under Law 75 of 1973 and anyone found guilty of founding a political party would be executed

 Major demonstrations took place in Benghazi, Ajdabiya, Damah and Zintan among others  Gaddafi forces fired into the crowd  Prisoners were released from jail and paid to fight protestors in Benghazi  Mercenaries were hired to supplement security forces

 Rebels take the city after several days of fighting  Several hundred die  Fighters seize the garrison

 Gaddafi began forcing rebel forces back  Libyans in the east were reluctant to oppose the government  On March 17, UN Security Council voted to impose a no-fly zone over Libya  Enforced by NATO  French jets began bombing hours after the resolution passed, US and UK joined afterwards  Support from several Arab nations including Qatar and United Arab Emirates  March 21 – second wave of airstrikes (Tripoli)

 Surround Gaddafi in Tripoli  Captured much needed supplies  Allowed them to pass through rebel-controlled territory and encircle the Gaddafi controlled capital  Opposition cells cause high causalities to rebel units  Gaddafi makes two TV addresses calling on Libyans to fight off the rebel “rats” and saying he will be “with you until the end”  Battle for Tripoli rages through August

August 22 Saif al-Islam Gaddafi said his father’s forces were still in control of the city.

 The interim government meets in Paris to discuss ruling  Production of oil starts again  UN Security Council eases sanctions on Libya  Gaddafi taunts NATO in a speech  Interim rulers announce that most of Gaddafi loyalists are captured and the last few are surrounded

 Last strongholds are captured  October 20, Gaddafi dies after wounds being during his capture near Sirte  Mustafa Abdel Jalil, the leader of the NTC declares the liberation of Libya  The bodies of Gaddafi,his son Mutassim and a former aid are moved from display to a planned burial  An investigation into the death is planned

 National Transitional Council handed power to the General National Congress  Elections held in July 2012  Appointed Prime Minister Ali Zeidan  Tensions between GNC nationalists and Islamists cause fighting and tension  In April, Parliament voted Ali Zeidan out of office over his failure to stop the rebels from exporting oil independently

 Oil production has slowed  Armed protestors have seized oil ports and fields  The process for a new constitution has been delayed  The 60 member committee chosen to draft includes only 6 women  Political divisions undermine Libya's transition  United States and French embassies closed in the summer of 2014 due to deteriorating conditions

 Began on March 15, 2011  Family has held power since 1971  Four decades of Ba’ath rule  Bashar al-Assad

 Conservative Sunnis  Alawite favorability  Cities with high poverty  Drought in early 2011 – Daraa and Homs  High youth population – unemployment  Emergency rule from  War with Israel  Banned political parties, censorship  Discrimination against ethnic minorities  Syrian Kurds

 Bashar al-Assad  Alawite sect  Offshoot of Shiite Muslim  Only 12% of population  2011 protests  Restricted coverage  Journalists went missing  Disabled phones and extracted passwords  Targeted and tortured  Live ammunition into protests

 Who’s fighting Who’s fighting  Government  Loyal to Ba’ath Party  Free Syrian Army (FSA)  Defected Syrian armed forces personnel and civilians  Jabhat al-Nusra  Jihadist group linked to al-Qaeda  ISIS, Also known as Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant and Islamic State (IS).  Started as an Al-Qaeda splinter group  Fast Facts Fast Facts

 Opposition group is splintered  Peace conferences have achieved nothing  Government blames the violence on terrorists  Opposition wants to replace as-Assad  Human cost, over 100,000 have died 680,000 wounded  Economy has been decimated

 How is Syria different?  Leadership  Time period  Rebel groups  Insurgents  Foreign support  More information More information