chemistry

23.3 Carbonyl Compounds Have you heard of benzaldehyde or vanillin? It is likely that you have eaten these organic molecules, called aldehydes, in ice cream or cookies. You will read about the properties that are associated with carbonyl compounds, such as aldehydes.

23.3 Aldehydes and Ketones Aldehydes and Ketones What is the structure of a carbonyl group found in aldehydes and ketones?

A carbonyl group is a functional group with the general structure C═O. 23.3 Aldehydes and Ketones A carbonyl group is a functional group with the general structure C═O. The C═O functional group is present in aldehydes and ketones.

23.3 Aldehydes and Ketones An aldehyde is an organic compound in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is always joined to at least one hydrogen. These low molar-mass carbonyl group compounds are completely soluble in water. a) Methanal is commonly known as formaldehyde. b) Ethanal is commonly known as acetaldehyde.. Interpreting Diagrams Use the structures to explain why these compounds are soluble in water.

23.3 Aldehydes and Ketones A ketone is an organic compound in which the carbon of the carbonyl group is joined to two other carbons. These low molar-mass carbonyl group compounds are completely soluble in water. c) Propanone is commonly known as acetone. Interpreting Diagrams Use the structures to explain why these compounds are soluble in water.

23.3 Aldehydes and Ketones

23.3 Aldehydes and Ketones

Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones 23.3 Aldehydes and Ketones Properties of Aldehydes and Ketones

Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones 23.3 Aldehydes and Ketones Uses of Aldehydes and Ketones Many aldehydes and ketones have distinctive odors. Aromatic aldehydes are often used as flavoring agents. Benzaldehyde is known as oil of bitter almond. Cinnamaldehyde is the source of the odor of oil of cinnamon.

Vanillin, an aldehyde, comes from vanilla beans. 23.3 Aldehydes and Ketones Vanillin, an aldehyde, comes from vanilla beans. Vanilla beans, the seed pods of the vanilla orchid, are the natural source of this vanilla flavoring for ice cream and other foods.

A solvent used to remove nail polish is acetone, a ketone. 23.3 Aldehydes and Ketones A solvent used to remove nail polish is acetone, a ketone. Many types of nail polish remover contain acetone, a common ketone.

Carboxylic Acids What is the general formula for a carboxylic acid? 23.3 Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic Acids What is the general formula for a carboxylic acid?

A carboxylic acid is a compound with a carboxyl group. 23.3 Carboxylic Acids A carboxyl group consists of a carbonyl group attached to a hydroxyl group. A carboxylic acid is a compound with a carboxyl group.

The general formula for a carboxylic acid is RCOOH. 23.3 Carboxylic Acids The general formula for a carboxylic acid is RCOOH. Carboxylic acids are weak because they ionize slightly in solution to give a carboxylate ion and a hydrogen ion. Carboxylic acids give a variety of foods—spoiled as well as fresh—a distinctive sour taste. Predicting What would you expect the pH range of aqueous solutions containing carboxylic acids to be?

23.3 Carboxylic Acids Carboxylic acids give a variety of foods— spoiled as well as fresh—a distinctive sour taste. Carboxylic acids give a variety of foods—spoiled as well as fresh—a distinctive sour taste. Predicting What would you expect the pH range of aqueous solutions containing carboxylic acids to be?

23.3 Carboxylic Acids Low-molar-mass carboxylic acids are volatile liquids with sharp, unpleasant odors. The higher-mass carboxylic acids are nonvolatile, waxy, odorless solids with low melting points.

23.3 Carboxylic Acids Many continuous-chain carboxylic acids were first isolated from fats and are called fatty acids. Stearic acid, an 18-carbon acid obtained from beef fat, is used to make inexpensive wax candles.

23.3 Carboxylic Acids

23.3 Esters Esters What is the general structure of an ester?

23.3 Esters Esters contain a carbonyl group and an ether link to the carbonyl carbon. The general formula for an ester is RCOOR.

23.3 Esters Esters are derivatives of carboxylic acids in which the —OH of the carboxyl group has been replaced by an —OR from an alcohol.

Esters may be prepared from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. 23.3 Esters Esters may be prepared from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.

23.3 Esters

23.3 Esters

Ethyl ethanoate is a low-molar-mass ester. 23.3 Esters Ethyl ethanoate is a low-molar-mass ester. Ethyl ethanoate, shown with its structural formula and space-filling model, is a low-molar-mass ester.

23.3 Esters Esters impart the characteristic aromas and flavors of many flowers and fruits. Marigolds, raspberries, and bananas all contain esters. Esters impart the characteristic aromas and flavors of many flowers and fruits. Marigolds, raspberries, and bananas all contain esters.

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 23.3 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Why is dehydrogenation an oxidation reaction?

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 23.3 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions The loss of hydrogen is a dehydrogenation reaction. Dehydrogenation is an oxidation reaction because the loss of each molecule of hydrogen involves the loss of two electrons from the organic molecule.

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 23.3 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 23.3 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 23.3 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 23.3 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Energy produced by oxidation reactions is used in both living and nonliving systems. Oxidation reactions occur in many daily activities. a) These basketball players are energized by oxidation reactions taking place within the cells of their bodies. b) Much of the world relies on hydrocarbon combustion as a source of energy for vehicles.

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 23.3 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 23.3 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 23.3 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions 23.3 Oxidation-Reduction Reactions An aldehyde is mixed with Fehling’s reagent (left test tube) and heated. The blue copper(II) ions in Fehling’s reagent are reduced to form Cu2O, a red precipitate (right test tube). When an aldehyde is mixed with Fehling’s reagent (left test tube) and heated, the blue copper(II) ions in Fehling’s reagent are reduced to form Cu2O, a red precipitate (right test tube). Inferring What is the oxidation state of copper in the product?

23.3 Section Quiz. 23.3.

23.3 Section Quiz 1. Which compound is a ketone? CH3COOH CH3CH2OH CH3CHO CH3COCH3

23.3 Section Quiz. 2. The IUPAC name for the structure CH3CH2COOH is ethanoic acid. acetic acid. propanoic acid. propionic acid.

23.3 Section Quiz. 3. The product of the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid is called a ketone. an ether. an ester. an aldehyde.

23.3 Section Quiz. 4. Choose the correct words for the spaces. Dehydrogenation is __________ reaction because losing a molecule of hydrogen involves the _______________ electrons from the organic molecule. an oxidation, loss of two an oxidation, loss of four a reduction, gain of two a reduction, gain of four

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