TOPIC 11 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (orgo) AIM: What is organic chemistry? DO NOW: What does organic mean? Review Book pg. 193 TOPIC 11 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY (orgo)

What is organic chemistry? Organic chemistry is the study of carbon and its compounds Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds (single, double or triple) (tetrahedral) Hydrocarbon – contains only H and C atoms (TABLE Q) Anything living is carbon based, chains and rings

PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS 1. Nonpolar or weakly polar (like dissolves like) - Low mp & bp 2. millions of organic compounds most are biological processes 3. Nonelectrolytes 4. Reaction rates slow 5. Insoluble & immiscible in water PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds As new developments in medicines fuel formations, new organisms, new organic molecules Will not dissolve in polar molecules Solid – soft with low mp and doesn’t dissolve in water Undergo combustion or react with oxygen to produce CO2 & H2O – basis for energy production (in US electricity generated by burning coal oil or natural gas, cars, motorcycles etc. powered by octane 2C8H18 (l) + 25O2 (aq)  16CO2 (g) + 12H2O(l) Decompose upon heating in absence of oxygen (to form component elements – crude oil formed) (inorganic reactons use catalysts – orgo reactions are more prone to error in the lab

Aliphatic (straight chain) HYDROCARBONS Aliphatic (straight chain) Aromatic (closed chain) SATURATED UNSATURATED Benzene C6H6 CnH2n-6 Alkane (single) C-C CnH2n+2 -ane suffix Alkene (double) C=C CnH2n -ene suffix Alkyne (triple) C-C CnH2n-2 -yne suffix HOMOLOGOUS SERIES (for each additional carbon atom there will be 2 additional H atoms – TABLE Q

How can we name hydrocarbons? -IUPAC Names of organic molecules are designed to describe a molecule in terms of: How many C atoms are in the longest continuous chain – get prefix from Table P What is attached to the longest continuous chain? (double or triple bond, functional group, branching) Molecular formula: CH4 Structural Formula - International union of pure and applied chemistry Draw in the structural formula for CH4

AIM: HOW CAN WE NAME HYDROCARBONS? DO NOW Review Book pg. 197 #1-6

ALKANES SATURATED – ALL SINGLE BONDS Molecular Formula Name Structural Formula BP CH4 (FUEL, RAW MATERIALS IN SYTHESIZING OTHER COMPOUNDS) As you increase the number of carbon molecules you increase the boiling point NOTE SHEET

ALKENES UNSATURATED – DOUBLE BOND Molecular Formula Name Structural Formula C2H4 Contains at least one double bond between carbon atoms Isomers: Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas (the more C atoms you have the more possible number of isomers you can have ) as you increase the number of C atoms you increase the number of possible isomers NOTE SHEET

ALKYNES UNSATURATED – TRIPLE BOND Molecular Formula Name Structural Formula C2H2 Contains at least one triple bonds NOTE SHEET

DO NOW: Review Book pg. 198 # 7-18 AIM: HOW CAN WE NAME SUBSTITUTED HYDROCARBONS? DO NOW: Review Book pg. 198 # 7-18

WHAT IS A SUBSTITUTED HYDROCARBON? Hydrocarbons can branch off in the middle (alkyl group) or have atoms other than H bonded to C Common ones are halo carbons or alkyl halide

HOW CAN WE NAME ORGANIC HYDROCARBON?- IUAP Find longest continuous C chain (parent chain) and name it using Table P Add name of any attached side groups Organic side groups (alkyl groups) – alkanes with one less H (use prefix from table P and change ane – yl Halide change ending to –o - cholro, bromo etc.

HOW CAN WE NAME ORGANIC HYDROCARBON?- IUAP 3. 4 or more C in a chain indicate which C atom the side group is attached to - count # of C from the end that give you the lowest possible #’s 4. If more than 1 of the same type of group in the chain, indicate which C each group is attached to and how many groups are contained (di, tri, etc.)

HOW CAN WE NAME ORGANIC HYDROCARBON?- IUAP PRACTICE USE NOTES SHEET

AIM: What are aromatic compounds? DO NOW: Take out the following assignments: - Review Book pg. 200 #19-28 -Review Packet

WHAT IS AN AROMATIC HYDROCARBON? Cyclic hydrocarbons that possess a bonding phenomena called RESONANCE Double bonds don’t break because they are not stations (oscillate or vibrate moving rapidly)

WHAT IS AN AROMATIC HYDROCARBON? BENZENE is the basis of most aromatic compounds C6H6 Alternating double bond H can be replaced

WHAT IS A COLLAPSED FORMULA? Condensed way to represent a structural formula as a molecular formula WHAT IS A COLLAPSED FORMULA? Examples from NOTE SHEET

AIM: What are functional groups and how do we recognize them? Do Now: Review Book pg. 200 # 29-31 AIM: What are functional groups and how do we recognize them? Examples from NOTE SHEET

Functional Groups – TABLE R 1.HALIDE – hydrocarbon containing a halogen (F, Cl, Br, or I) 2. ALCOHOLS – 1 or more H is replaced with -OH To name: (not hydroxide!!!) Drop “e” from parent compound add –ol More than 1 hydroxyl – indicate # of C each is attached to and adjust name to reflect # of hydroxyls

Functional Groups – TABLE R 2. Alcohols (OH) End in - ol Monohydroxy 1 - OH dihydroxy 2 - OH Trihydroxy 3 - OH

Functional Groups – TABLE R Box the C that is attached to the OH – how many other C atoms are attached to it 2. Alcohol: MONOhydroxy primary secondary Tertiary Draw in structures Propanol 2-butanol 2-methyl 2- butanol

Functional Groups – TABLE R ALCOHOL DIHYDROXY TRIHYDROXY 1,2 – ethanediol 1,2,3 - propanetriol Draw in structures

Functional Groups – TABLE R Organic acids  COOH drawn R- (attached hydrocarbon chain) - Suffix – oic acid - All primary carbons - H on end dissociates in water Ex) Draw the structures of the following methanoic acid (formic acid) Ethanoic acid (acetic acid) Draw in examples from notes

Functional Groups – TABLE R 4. Aldehydes Parent name suffix –al (carbonyl group on primary carbon Ex) Draw the following Methanal (formaldehyde) Ethanal (acetaldehyde) Draw in examples from notes

Functional Groups – TABLE R Ketones - Secondary from of aldehyde Secondary carbonyl group Parent name suffix – one Indicate positioning of carbonyl group on lowest # carbon Ex) Draw the following 2-Propanone (acetone) Draw in examples from notes

Functional Groups – TABLE R 6. Ester Parent name suffix - oate Formed by carboxyl group surrounded by 2 alkyl groups Odors and flavors of plants, fruits & flowers Can be synthesized to make artificial flavors and fragrances Ex) Draw the following 1. Methyl butanoate Draw in examples from notes

Functional Groups – TABLE R 7. Amine Formed by a N atom with 3 attached R groups Suffix –amine Use # in front of name to indicate position of amine (NH2) group Ex) Draw the following 1. 1-butamine Draw in examples from notes

Functional Groups – TABLE R 8. Amide Primary C Suffix –amide Ex) Draw the following 1- butamide Draw in examples from notes

Functional Groups – TABLE R 9. Ether Ex) Draw the following: 1. Methyl propyl ether Draw in examples from notes

ORGANIC REACTIONS COMBUSTION SUBSTITUTION a. In the presence of excess O2 a hydrocarbon produces CO2 & H2O b. In limited O2 hydrocarbon will produce CO and H2O Examples: a. Involves a saturated hydrocarbon b. One of more H gets replaced (substituted) by another atom or group (hint: compare the number of H on the reactant and product side Examples: Combustion Reactions : From notes

ORGANIC REACTIONS ADDITION ESTERIFICATION a. Involves an unsaturated hydrocarbon Hint: look for 2 reactants and one product Example: a. An organic acid and an alcohol makes an ester and H2O b. Should recognize the acid group and the hydroxyl group in the reactants Hint: Table R to recognize the ester in the products Example: Review Book pg. 207 fig. 11-6 copy

ORGANIC REACTIONS SAPONIFICATION FERMENTATION a. A fat reacts with a base to produce an alcohol (look for glycerol) and soap Example: Copy from Review book pg. 207 fig. 11-17 Glucose yields ethanol and CO2 Example:

ORGANIC REACTIONS POLYMERIZATION: An unsaturated hydrocarbon called a monomer (one unit), bonds itself in long chains creating a polymer(many units) ADDITION CONDENSATION Several monomers combine to make the polymer nC2H2 (C2H2)n Creation of polymer plus water as a product

Topic 11 Test Tomorrow! Review Finish Review Book pg. 204 34-48 Copy topics from board when finished