Variances of Catenary-Pantograph Systems in Standards of Japan and Europe Railway Technical Research Institute Railway International Standards Center Hiroki Nagasawa Shinzo Noguchi Takayuki Usuda PACIFIC

Outline Survey the catenary – pantograph systems Survey the catenary – pantograph systems in standards of Japan and Europe. in standards of Japan and Europe. There are many similarities in both systems. There are many similarities in both systems. Some differences in the design policies. Some differences in the design policies. Both have merits and demerits. Both have merits and demerits. Examples Examples – A : Upward force of pantograph – B : Automatic tensioning method – C : Management of fatigue on contact wire. Railway International Standards Center 2

Standards for OCL in Japan Law “Railway Operation Act” Law “Railway Operation Act” Ministerial Ordinance to Provide the Technical Ministerial Ordinance to Provide the Technical Standard on Railway (Shorei) Standard on Railway (Shorei) – performance standards Approved specification for Ministerial Approved specification for Ministerial Ordinance … (Kaishaku-kijun) Ordinance … (Kaishaku-kijun) – Specific examples of the ordinance, not obligatory. Japanese Industrial Standards (JISs) Japanese Industrial Standards (JISs) Other documents Manuals, Company Codes Other documents Manuals, Company Codes Railway International Standards Center 3

Standards for OCL in Europe I suppose EC Directives EC Directives Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSIs) by ERA Technical Specifications for Interoperability (TSIs) by ERA European Norms (ENs) European Norms (ENs) – Many ENs are published by CEN and CENELEC – Examples : EN 50119, 50367, 50388, etc. Railway International Standards Center 4

A. Upward Force of Pantograph Contact force of pantograph in Japan Contact force of pantograph in Japan – Set to N at standstill for many lines. – When running, it increases by aerodynamic force. – However, it is constrained to around 100 N. Contact force of pantograph in Europe Contact force of pantograph in Europe – Set to 150 N at standstill for many lines. – Intentionally increased at standstill for carbon strips. for carbon strips. Railway International Standards Center 5

Features of both systems The high upward force of pantograph can lead to keep steady contact between the pantograph and OCL. The high upward force of pantograph can lead to keep steady contact between the pantograph and OCL. Reasons for the small upward force in Japan. Reasons for the small upward force in Japan. – To avoid trouble occurrence caused by large uplift of the contact wire in strong wind. – To avoid breakdown of contact wire by fatigue from many passages of pantographs. But it needs means to avoid contact loss of pantograph at high speed running. Railway International Standards Center 6

Means for high speed running High voltage bus connection between two pantographs are used in Shinkansen train set. High voltage bus connection between two pantographs are used in Shinkansen train set. This provides very stable current collection. Bus connection of pantographs needs Switch-Over Sections for OCL. Railway International Standards Center 7

Switch 2 Train detector Switch 1 Composition of Switch-Over Section 8 ≈ 1 km

B. Automatic Tensioning Method For high speed line in Europe – Use of Two automatic tensioners – Use of Two automatic tensioners are recommended for each contact wire and messenger wire. – Construction work – Construction work for this method is easier than the jointed system (single tensioner). – Anchoring devices – Anchoring devices have to be installed at the mid-points of the whole wire lengths in this method. Railway International Standards Center 9

Automatic Tensioning Method in Japan Several types of tensioners are used – Wheel type – Wheel type is the most popular. Spring type – many Spring type tensioners are also used. Singlepulls both Single automatic tensioner pulls both of messenger wire and contact wire by yoke. The tension of the device is changed slightly with the position in the stroke of the device. tension control No need for anchoring device Because of the tension control of the device, there is No need for anchoring device. Railway International Standards Center 10

Wheel type tensioning devices in Japan 11

Spring type tensioning device in Japan 12

Tension Stroke + S / 2 - S / % - 5 % Example of tension control by automatic tensioner in Japan 13

C. Managing Fatigue on Contact Wires Contact wire has two major stresses – Tensile stress caused by tension – Bending stress caused by pantograph sliding Bending stress increases – with upward force of pantograph – with train running speed Railway International Standards Center 14

Bending strain of contact wire caused by pantograph 15

Background of Fatigue Management There are many lines with a large number of trains passing per day in Japan. There are several weak points in OCL. There had been several troubles by fatigue in the past. There have been many laboratory and field tests on fatigue of contact wires. Railway International Standards Center 16

HoldSupportVibrationHold Support Tension mm Structure of Fatigue Test Equipment for Contact Wire for Contact Wire 17

Example of laboratory test results for contact wire fatigue life Maximum Stress 18

Measurement of contact wire strain The strain is measured by strain gauge attached on the contact wire. The strain is measured by strain gauge attached on the contact wire. It is not always true that the measuring point has the largest strain on the line. It is not always true that the measuring point has the largest strain on the line. We use estimation of bending strain We use estimation of bending strain and setting margin. and setting margin. Railway International Standards Center 19

Measurement in the field Railway International Standards Center 20

Counter measures for fatigue of contact wires Prevention of pantograph contact force increase Lightening of fittings for OCL Improvement of structure of contact wire crossing – Improve fitting for crossing – Avoid crossing of contact wires Avoidance of mechanical connection of contact wires in high speed area Railway International Standards Center 21

Conclusion There are many similarities and several differences in standards for OCL in Japan and Europe These differences have already been taken into consideration in Working Groups (WGs) of IEC TC9. The WG s have been developing several International Standards. Railway International Standards Center 22

IEC TC9 Standards The following standards have been developed; IEC IEC Electric traction overhead contact lines (under revision) IEC IEC Technical criteria for the co-ordination between power supply and rolling stock to achieve interoperability (published) IEC IEC Current collection systems - Technical criteria for the interaction between pantograph and overhead line (published) Railway International Standards Center 23

Thank you very much for your kind attention 24