Stalemated Seventies Chapter 39

 Increasing women / teenagers = work force  Decline in new machinery  Government regulations  Vietnam = drained tax dollars = deficit spending  Inflation Stagnation

 Knowledge of Foreign Policy  Vietnam = public uproar  Vietnamization  Withdraw 540,000 over extended period  South could take over  Nixon Doctrine  Honor existing commitments, but Asians / others would have to fight their own wars w/o large bodies of U.S. troops Nixon - Vietnam

Vietnam  End war, but win by other means  Antiwar protestors  Candle vigils  Appeal to silent majority  Antiwar demonstrators = bums  1970  Longest war in American history  40,000 killed  250,o00 wounded  Unpopular = Troops / draft  College students exempt  Least privileged  My Lai Massacre

Cambodia  Cambodia  Used by the North  Nixon orders US / South Vietnamese to clean out enemy sanctuaries  Neutral??  No congressional approval  Angry students  Kent State University  National Guard kills 4  Wounding more  Rioters / Arsons  Hawks v. Doves  Nixon withdraws troops  Gulf of Tonkin blank check  Senate repeals  26 th Amendment  Lowered voting age to 18  Pentagon Papers  leak  Blunders = JFK, LBJ

 Dr. Henry A. Kissinger = National Security advisor  Meeting with North Vietnam  End the War??  Nixon  Visits China = February 1972  Economic / diplomatic relations  Neither would dominate Pacific  Scientific / cultural exchanges  Reunite Taiwan with mainland Détente

 Visits Moscow = May 1972  Sell food - $750 million worth – grain  SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) = freezing nuclear weapons  5 years  ABM (Anti-Ballistic Missile) = 2 clusters  Leonid Brezhnez Détente Cont.

 Chief Justice Earl Warren = Dealing w/ Social Problems  Gideon v. Wainwright ( 1963) = Entitled to legal counsel  Escobedo (1964) Miranda (1966) = Right to remain silent  Miranda Warning  Separation of church and State = school prayer  Nixon appoints 4 conservative justices  Tried to stop the “meddling”  Warren E. Burger = Burger Court  Roe v. Wade (1973) = Legalized abortion Supreme Court

 Increased entitlements  Food Stamps  Medicaid  Supplemental Security Income (SSI)  Increase in Social Security = Cost of Living  Philadelphia Plan = Black apprentices  Hiring quotas = Affirmative Action  Opened opportunities for minorities / women Home Front

 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)  Silent Spring = pesticides  Earth Day  Clean Air Act of 1970  Endangered species Act of 1973  Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)  Working Conditions  Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)  Harmful products

 Vietnam escalating  Democrats = George McGovern  Pull troops out in 90 days  Vice President = Psychiatric care  Republicans = Nixon  Wound down war = Kissinger Nixon Landslide

 Fighting escalated again  Two week bombing  Force North back to conference table  Treaty of Paris = January 23, 1973  Cease Fire  U.S. = Withdraw remaining 27,000  Reclaim 560 POW’s  N. Vietnamese allowed to keep 145,000 in South  Retreat??? Vietnam

 3,500 bombing raids against N. Vietnamese in Cambodia  Neutrality being respected??  Bombing continued after cease fire = communist forces  Veto bill to stop him  War Powers Act – Nov  Passed over Nixon’s veto  Report to Congress within 48 hours after committing troops to a foreign conflict / enlarging forces  New Isolationism Cambodia

 Yom Kippur War  Syrians / Egyptians = surprise attack on Israel  Regain territory – Six Day War  Kissinger – Sec. of State  Flew to Moscow – restrain / arming attackers  $2 Billion in war materials sent to Israelis  Cease fire – diplomacy  OPEC = Embargo on oil shipment to U.S.  Shortage = Energy Crisis = price Energy Crisis

Watergate  June 17, 1972  5 arrested  Electronic bugs = Democratic Head quarters  CREEP  Committee to Re-elect the President  Dirty Tricks  Forging documents  Discredit Democrats  IRS  Pentagon Papers Psychiatrist  VP Agnew resigns = Oct  Bribes / Maryland / Governor  Gerald Ford  New VP = 12 term Congressman / Michigan

 Senate Committee Hearings  Televised  Nixon denies knowledge  Obstructing justice??  Tape recorded Oval office conversations  Nixon refused to hand over tapes  Saturday Night Massacre = Oct. 20, 1973  Fired his prosecutor  Fired Attorney General, and Deputy Attorney General Watergate Cont.

 Spring 1974  Agrees to release a portion of tapes  Obscenities  July 24, 1974  Supreme Court  Ruled = turn over all tapes  3 subpoenaed tapes  June 23, 1972  Conversations with Chief Aide  Smoking Gun tape  6 days after Watergate  Ordered CIA to hold back inquiry by FBI  Cover-up  House Judiciary Committee  Impeachment  Obstruction of justice  Abuse of power  Contempt of Congress

 August  Nixon convinced to Resign  Televised  Constitution works  Cleaned its own house Nixon Resigns

 Gerald Ford = August 1974  Selected, not elected  Pardons Nixon  Democrats outraged Unelected President

 July 1975 = Finland  Helsinki Accords  34 Nations  Official boundaries  End WWII = Soviet Union and Eastern Europe  “third basket”  Liberal exchanges – people / information  Protect basic humane rights Ford

Defeat in Vietnam  1975  North Vietnamese drive southward  South Collapsed  Americans evacuated by helicopter  April 29, 1975  140,000 South Vietnamese rescued  $118 Billion  56,000 Dead  300,000 wounded  America lost face

 Antiwar movement = Feminists  1972  Title IX = Education Amendments  Prohibiting sex discrimination  Create opportunities for girls = Equal  Equal Rights Amendments (ERA)  Equality of rights shall not be denied or abridged by the U.S. or by any State on account of sex Feminist Victories

Feminists cont.  Feminists blamed for divorce rate  Tripled  Nixon vetoes public day care  ERA defeated  Antifeminists  Phyllis Schlafly  Feared the removal of traditional values  Not equal to men

The Seventies  Milliken v. Bradley  Move across district lines  Suburbs??  Affirmative Action  Reverse discrimination??  Native Americans  Used Civil Rights  Separate, semi-sovereign people  United States v. Wheeler 1978  Unique and limited sovereignty  Subject to Congress not to States

Bicentennial Campaign  Election 1976  Republicans = Gerald Ford  Democrats = James Carter  “Jimmy”  Peanut farmer  Former Governor of Georgia  Baptist  “I’ll never lie to you”  Carter wins  297 to 240 = 51% of popular vote  Democratic majority