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1 1 KS3 SCIENCE - CHEMISTRY KS3 SCIENCE - CHEMISTRY Materials & Their Uses Materials & Their Uses

2 2 PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS

Solubility Flexibility Malleability Heaviness 3 3 Strength Properties Important properties of materials Important properties of materials Hardness

Solubility Flexibility Malleability Heaviness 4 4 PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS Strength These matter when making things These matter when making things Hardness

5 5 RAW MATERIALS

6 6 The less Reactive metals, like Silver and Gold, can be found on their own The less Reactive metals, like Silver and Gold, can be found on their own These have been gathered or mined for millennia These have been gathered or mined for millennia

7 7 RAW MATERIALS More reactive metals occur as Oxides, which can be Reduced with Carbon, and this has been going on for many centuries More reactive metals occur as Oxides, which can be Reduced with Carbon, and this has been going on for many centuries

8 8 RAW MATERIALS E.g. Iron can be extracted from Haematite using Carbon Monoxide E.g. Iron can be extracted from Haematite using Carbon Monoxide + + FeFe OOOOFeFe FeFe OO + +OOCCOOCC OOCC FeFeOOOOCCOOOOCC OOOOCC

9 9 RAW MATERIALS Very Reactive metals are found in compounds which are harder to separate, e.g. Aluminium has only recently become popular for packaging Very Reactive metals are found in compounds which are harder to separate, e.g. Aluminium has only recently become popular for packaging

10 RAW MATERIALS Aluminium can be extracted from Bauxite, which contains Aluminium Oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) and water, by using Electrolysis on the purified dry ore Aluminium can be extracted from Bauxite, which contains Aluminium Oxide (Al 2 O 3 ) and water, by using Electrolysis on the purified dry ore + + AlAlOOAlAl AlAl OO OO OOOO OOOO OOOO + +OOAlAl AlAl OO OO AlAl AlAl AlAl

11 RAW MATERIALS Carbon is found in Fossil Fuels, like gas, oil and coal Carbon is found in Fossil Fuels, like gas, oil and coal

12 RAW MATERIALS Important non-metals include Chlorine, used to kill Bacteria in water, made by Electrolysis of salt Important non-metals include Chlorine, used to kill Bacteria in water, made by Electrolysis of salt NaNa + + ClCl NaNa ClClClCl NaNa ClCl NaNa + + Sodium Chloride is separated into Sodium and Chlorine Sodium Chloride is separated into Sodium and Chlorine

13 RAW MATERIALS The salt in Rocksalt is separated from the sand by using water to Dissolve it, while salt can be taken from seawater by Crystallisation The salt in Rocksalt is separated from the sand by using water to Dissolve it, while salt can be taken from seawater by Crystallisation

14 RAW MATERIALS The salt in Rocksalt is separated from the sand by using water to Dissolve it, while salt can be taken from seawater by Crystallisation The salt in Rocksalt is separated from the sand by using water to Dissolve it, while salt can be taken from seawater by Crystallisation

15 RAW MATERIALS If it is the liquid you want, you can use Distillation, e.g. Desalination of sea water If it is the liquid you want, you can use Distillation, e.g. Desalination of sea water

16 USING MATERIALS

17 USING MATERIALS Metals are widely used, but often Alloys (mixtures of metals) are used to increase strength Metals are widely used, but often Alloys (mixtures of metals) are used to increase strength A common alloy is Steel, which is a mixture of Iron and Carbon A common alloy is Steel, which is a mixture of Iron and Carbon

18 USING MATERIALS Common building materials include Concrete, made from Limestone, Clay, Gypsum (Calcium Sulphate) and water Common building materials include Concrete, made from Limestone, Clay, Gypsum (Calcium Sulphate) and water

19 USING MATERIALS Crops need fertilisers containing Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, and other Elements Crops need fertilisers containing Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, and other Elements

20 USING MATERIALS Batteries can be made using metals, e.g. Lead-Acid batteries are used in cars, and Alkaline-Manganese batteries are used at home Batteries can be made using metals, e.g. Lead-Acid batteries are used in cars, and Alkaline-Manganese batteries are used at home