1. UNDERSTANDING METALS AND NON-METALS

2. 4) Reaction of metals with solutions of other metal salts
Fe + CuSO4
Cu + FeSO4
Cu + MgCl2
NO REACTION

3. Let us Study the Rx of Na (Metal) with Cl (Non metal)
Sodium (Na)
Silver coloured that reacts with H2O so instantly that flames are produce due to formation of H2 gas.
Chlorine(Cl)
Non-metal which is Greenish Colour & very poisonous.
But, when these two dangerous substances chemically combine, they form a compound known as Sodium chloride which is so safe that we eat it everyday.

4. Formation of sodium Chloride
Ionic Bonds
The bond which are formed by give & take of electrons are called as ionic or electrovalent bonds.
Ionic Compounds
The compounds formed by the transfer of electrons are known as ionic compound

5. Properties of ionic compounds
1) Ionic compounds are solids & Hard
2) They have high melting & boiling point
3) They are generally brittle
4) Generally, they are soluble in water but insoluble in organic solvents like kerosene, petrol etc.
5) They do not Conduct electricity in solid state but their aqueous or molten form conducts electricity.

6. Other impurities MINERALS METALS Naturally Occurring
(non reactive Eg Au,Pt)
(Reactive)
Pure form
Compounds
Naturally Occurring
Compounds of Metals
Other impurities
Minerals – The naturally Occurring compounds of metals
alongwith other impurities are known as minerals.

7. OM Minerals Profitably Conveniently ORES
Ores –The minerals from which metals are extracted Profitably & Conveniently are known as ores.
Gangue – Ores contain metal compounds with some of
the impurities like soil, sand and rocky materials etc. These impurities are known as gangue.

8. is called Metallurgy Extraction of metals in their pure form
Metallurgy : The process used for extraction
of metals in their pure form from their ores is
called Metallurgy
of metals in their pure form
from their ores
The process used for
Extraction
is called
Metallurgy

9. Occurrence of metals
Minerals: The naturally occurring compounds of metals along with other impurities are known as minerals
Ores: The minerals from which metals are extracted profitable & conveniently are called as ores
Gangue: The impurities like soil, sand, rocky materials etc which are present in ores are called gangue.
Metallurgy: The process used for extraction of metals in their pure form their ores is known as metallurgy.

10. Preliminary treatment
(Ore is concentrated by
removal of GANGUE)
Reduction
(separation of oxygen from a compound)
Refining
(Purification
of impure
metal.)
Washing
Chemical separation

11. Reactivity series of metals :-
The arranging of metals in the decreasing order of their reactivity is called reactivity series of metals.
K Potassium
Na - Sodium
Ca - Calcium
Mg - Magnesium
Al - Aluminium
Zn - Zinc
Fe - Iron
Pb - Lead
Cu - Copper
Hg - Mercury
Ag - Silver
Au - Gold
Most reactive
Reactivity decreases
Least reactive

12. Extraction of Metals of High Reactivity
• K, Na, Ca, Mg, Al etc show high reactivity. • Na, Ca and Mg occur in the form of metal chloride ie NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2 • They are obtained by electrolysis of their molten chlorides On eletrolysis • metals are deposited at cathode and • Chlorine is liberated at anode For NaCl • At cathode : Na+ + e- • At anode :2Cl- - 2e- For CaCl2 • At cathode :Ca2+ + 2e- • At anode : 2Cl- - 2e- For MgCl2 • At cathode : Mg2+ + 2e- • At anode : 2Cl- - 2e- Na
Cl2 Ca
Cl2 Mg
Cl2

13. ALUMINIUM
• Symbol : Al • Colour : silvery white • Atomic no (Z) : 13 • EC :2,8,3 • Valency : 3 • Chief ore : Bauxite (Al2O3.H2O) • Bauxite contains • 30% to 70% Al2O3 and remaining is sand, silica (SiO2), iron oxide (Fe2O3) etc

14. Extraction of Aluminium
Extraction of Al involves two steps
Concentration of ore
Electrolytic reduction of alumina

15. Step 1: Concentration of ore (or) Bayer’s process a) Bauxite + aq caustic soda Condition=heat at 140 to 150oC,under pressure, for 4-5 hrs • Al2O3 (Amphoteric) • Silica • Iron oxide (basic in nature) b) NaAlO2 C) 2Al(OH)3
+ 2NaOH
2NaAlO2 + H2O
Sodium Aluminate
+ NaOH
Sodium silicate
+ NaOH
does not dissolve (removed by filtration)
+ 2H2O
NaOH + Al(OH) (at 50oC)
Al2O3 + 3H2O

16. Electrolytic Reduction of Alumina
Alumina = Al2O3
Cryolite = AlF3.3NaF
Fluorspar = CaF2
At cathode : Al e-
At anode :2O e- Al O2