Kingdom Animalia No cell wall No cell wall Heterotrophic Heterotrophic Motile Motile Sexual reproduction Sexual reproduction Three distinct layers of tissues (except sponges) Three distinct layers of tissues (except sponges) Multi-celled/specialized tissues and functions Multi-celled/specialized tissues and functions Distinct body plan Distinct body plan Big Picture

Classifying Animals Most do not have fur, feathers or scales Most do not have fur, feathers or scales Most do not have bones Most do not have bones Most do not live on land Most do not live on land E.g. phylum arthropoda – largest # of animal species  insects E.g. phylum arthropoda – largest # of animal species  insects Phylum Chordata  all animals with an internal bony skeleton = vertebrates Phylum Chordata  all animals with an internal bony skeleton = vertebrates Animals without a backbone are called invertebrates Animals without a backbone are called invertebrates

Invertebrates and Vertebrates Invertebrates Invertebrates 99% of the Animal Kingdom 99% of the Animal Kingdom Absence of backbone Absence of backbone Includes sponges, cnidarians, Includes sponges, cnidarians, mollusks, worms, arthropods, mollusks, worms, arthropods, and echinoderms and echinoderms Vertebrates Vertebrates Internal skeleton (bone or cartilage) Internal skeleton (bone or cartilage) Includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals Includes fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals Asian ladybeetle Harmonia axyridis Notice the “false” white eye markings behind the head.

Invertebrate Animals I Sponges Sponges Cnidarians Cnidarians Worms Worms Mollusks Mollusks Arthropods Arthropods Echinoderms Echinoderms Colony of sponges Chambered Nautilus

Sponges (Porifera) Attached to solid surface Attached to solid surface Filter food from passing Filter food from passing water water Single opening through Single opening through which food enters and which food enters and waste leaves waste leaves Has no tissues or organs Has no tissues or organs Body consists of 2 layers Body consists of 2 layers of cells of cells

Cnidaria Jellyfish, Corals, and Anemones Jellyfish, Corals, and Anemones Their bodies have only 2 cell layers and a single opening Their bodies have only 2 cell layers and a single opening Simple nervous system and muscle tissue Simple nervous system and muscle tissue Allows for locomotion in order to capture prey Allows for locomotion in order to capture prey Tentacles around mouth are used to stun prey, also release digestive enzymes that carry out extracellular digestion Tentacles around mouth are used to stun prey, also release digestive enzymes that carry out extracellular digestion 2 basic body strucutures: 2 basic body strucutures: Polyp: cylindrical, attached to rock (sea anemone) Polyp: cylindrical, attached to rock (sea anemone) Medusa: umbrella shaped, mouths pointing downward (jellyfish) Medusa: umbrella shaped, mouths pointing downward (jellyfish)

POLYP MEDUSA

Worms Most are aquatic, some live in soil, many are parasitic Most are aquatic, some live in soil, many are parasitic Size ranges from 1 mm or less to several meters in length Size ranges from 1 mm or less to several meters in length E.g.: acorn worms, arrow worms, hook worms, pin worms… E.g.: acorn worms, arrow worms, hook worms, pin worms… 1. Flatworms: least complex, digestive system is a closed pouch (only one opening), no circulatory system 2. Segmented Worms (Annelids): long, tube-like bodies divided into series of ringed segments

Development of a Mesoderm All animals other than sponges and cnidarians have tree layers of cells. All animals other than sponges and cnidarians have tree layers of cells. Ectoderm (outer layer)  produces the skin, nerve tissue, and some sensory organs Ectoderm (outer layer)  produces the skin, nerve tissue, and some sensory organs Endoderm (inner layer)  lungs, liver, pancreas, bladder, and lining of the gut Endoderm (inner layer)  lungs, liver, pancreas, bladder, and lining of the gut Mesoderm (middle layer)  muscles, blood, kidneys and reproductive organs Mesoderm (middle layer)  muscles, blood, kidneys and reproductive organs

The three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm) encompass the precursors of all structures and organs of the entire body, and are generated by a process called gastrulation (occurs at the early stage of the embryonic development). Body cavities of animals become increasingly more complex as one ascends the evolutionary tree The three germ layers (endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm) encompass the precursors of all structures and organs of the entire body, and are generated by a process called gastrulation (occurs at the early stage of the embryonic development). Body cavities of animals become increasingly more complex as one ascends the evolutionary treethree germ layersgastrulationthree germ layersgastrulation Flash Animation

Body Symmetry Body plan is important as it allows the animal to search for food Body plan is important as it allows the animal to search for food Asymmetrical/irregular animals are the simplest animals (sponges) Asymmetrical/irregular animals are the simplest animals (sponges) Symmetrical/ regular and balanced Symmetrical/ regular and balanced Radial symmetry: bodies organized equally around a central vertical axis Radial symmetry: bodies organized equally around a central vertical axis Bilateral symmetry: form a mirror image along one vertical plane Bilateral symmetry: form a mirror image along one vertical plane Big Picture

Invertebrate Animals II Sponges Sponges Cnidarians Cnidarians Worms Worms Mollusks Mollusks Arthropods Arthropods Echinoderms Echinoderms Txodes scapularis Deer tick

Molluscs Soft-bodied animals: slugs, snails, clams, oysters and squid Soft-bodied animals: slugs, snails, clams, oysters and squid Mostly marine, some use a hard external shell for protection Mostly marine, some use a hard external shell for protection Originated about 600 million years ago Originated about 600 million years ago

Arthropods

Echinoderms All are marine: starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, feather stars, sea lillies and sand dollars All are marine: starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers, feather stars, sea lillies and sand dollars Chapter 22 Big Picture

Vertebrate Animals Chordates Chordates Fish Fish Agnatha (jawless fish/lamprey) Agnatha (jawless fish/lamprey) Chondrichthyes (sharks, skates, rays) Chondrichthyes (sharks, skates, rays) Osteichthyes (bass, tuna, salmon) Osteichthyes (bass, tuna, salmon) Amphibians Amphibians Reptiles Reptiles Birds Birds Mammals Mammals Ardea herodias Great Grey Heron