1. KEY CONCEPT More than 95 percent of all animal species are invertebrates.

2. Overview: Welcome to Your Kingdom
Scientists have identified 1.3 million living species of animals

3. How do you define “animals”?
Eukaryotic
Multicellular
Heterotrophic…via ingestion
Cells do not have cell walls, but instead are held together by collagen 3

4. Invertebrates vs. Vertebrates.
Vertebrates have an internal segmented backbone.
Invertebrates do not have a backbone.
Invertebrates encompass most animal groups.

5. Each animal phylum has a unique body plan.
Differences in body plans result from differences in the expression of Hox genes.
Hox genes tell embryonic cells which body part to become.
Mutations in Hox genes led to the vast diversity of animal species.
head
tail
fruit fly genes
human
HOX-B genes

6. Animals are grouped using a variety of criteria.
Three criteria are used to categorize animals.
body plan symmetry
gastrovascular cavity
mouth
mesoglea
oral arms
tentacles
tissue layers
developmental patterns
blood vessels
brain
hearts
muscle
segment
nerve cord
mouth
digestive track

7. There are two types of body plan symmetry.
bilateral symmetry: body divides equally along one plane
Animals with bilateral symmetry can be divided equally along only one plane, which splits an animal
into mirror-image sides.

8. There are two types of body plan symmetry:
radial symmetry: body arranged in circle around a central axis.
Animals with radial symmetry have body parts arranged in a circle around a central axis.

9. Tissues
Animal body plans also vary according to the organization of the animal’s tissues.
Sponges and a few other groups lack true tissues

10. Bilateral animals have three distinct layers of tissue; radial animals have only two.
both animal types have ectoderm (covers surface) and endoderm (inner layer, lines digestive tract)
bilateral animals have mesoderm (middle)

11. Animals are divided into two major groups, the protostomes and the deuterostomes.
Protostomes form mouth-first, and anus second.
Deuterostomes first form the anus and then the mouth.

12. A comparison of structure and genetics reveals the evolutionary history of animals.
Protostomes and deuterostomes are the two major radiations on the animal phylogenetic tree.
Porifera
Cnidaria
Platyhelminthes
Annelida
Mollusca
Nematoda
Arthropoda
Echinodermata
Chordata
RADIAL
NO TISSUES
PROTOSTOMES
DUETEROSTOMES
jellyfish, coral, anemones
sponges
flatworms
Segmented
worms
clams, snails,
octopuses
roundworms
insects, spiders
crustaceans,
sea stars,
sea urchins
vertebrates
lancelets,

13. The current organization of the animal kingdom shows some unexpected relationships.
Technological advancements help to clarify evolutionary relationships.

14. Animal Diversity Lab
You will be given a lab sheet with organisms (or samples from organisms) that are in Kingdom Animalia.
You will record the Kingdom, Phylum, and Common name for the organism in your lab journals.
You will draw, color, and label organisms as seen under the microscope.