Unit 2 English Renaissance British Literature Mrs. Wetzel 2013

Elizabethan Period English Renaissance also called Elizabethan Era English Renaissance also called Elizabethan Era Named for Queen Elizabeth I, ruled for 45 years Named for Queen Elizabeth I, ruled for 45 years Time of English Renaissance Time of English Renaissance -expansion of British domination overseas -rising Nationalism and imperialism (until 20 th c) -growth in arts and sciences -civil order enforced

Elizabethan Period cont’d London grew 5x its medieval size London grew 5x its medieval size Trade with Asia Trade with Asia Increase in middle class Increase in middle class -schools/education available for all

Poetry Less narrative and more personal Less narrative and more personal Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard Brought influence of Petrarchan sonnet Brought influence of Petrarchan sonnet 14 lines 14 lines Octet and sestet Octet and sestet Difficult to translate Difficult to translate Sir Phillip Sydney introduced variation of sonnet Sir Phillip Sydney introduced variation of sonnet Perfected by Shakespeare, called Shakespearean Perfected by Shakespeare, called Shakespearean

Pastoral Poetry Christopher Marlow Bucolic in subject matter Highly stylized with language Lyrical and emotional Focus on love and idealized country setting --Sir Walter Raleigh’s reply

Sonnets Petrarchan (Milton does variations of these) SpenserianShakespearean --all 14 lines --various rhyme schemes --all have twist/turning point --common themes of love and beauty

Metaphysical Poets Comes later Comes later Appeals to mind not emotion Appeals to mind not emotion Speculates about philosophy Speculates about philosophy The poems are tightly woven with dense meaning The poems are tightly woven with dense meaning Use of conceit, an extended metaphor Use of conceit, an extended metaphor John Donne, most prominent John Donne, most prominent Often religious themes Often religious themes Language often colloquial Language often colloquial

Cavalier Poets Under the leadership of Stuarts, after Elizabeth Under the leadership of Stuarts, after Elizabeth Ben Jonson, literary leader of the time Ben Jonson, literary leader of the time Robert Herrick, adopted the Roman carpe diem Robert Herrick, adopted the Roman carpe diem Hesperides poems Hesperides poems

Prose Development of the essay Development of the essay Dominant figures Dominant figures Bacon Bacon More More

Drama Flowered during the Elizabethan period Flowered during the Elizabethan period Began as mini-plays in Latin Began as mini-plays in Latin Pope Urban 4 th established Corpus Christi festivals Pope Urban 4 th established Corpus Christi festivals Similar to Greek and Roman theatre although the Elizabethans knew little about them Similar to Greek and Roman theatre although the Elizabethans knew little about them Shakespeare and Marlow dominant figures of time Shakespeare and Marlow dominant figures of time

Drama cont’d Acting guilds developed 14 th -16 th centuries Acting guilds developed 14 th -16 th centuries Morality plays progressed into ‘drama’ Morality plays progressed into ‘drama’ Professional acting troupes develop and theatres are built Professional acting troupes develop and theatres are built

Tragedy Tragedy is literary term for drama with serious and important actions and often disastrous results for protagonist Tragedy is literary term for drama with serious and important actions and often disastrous results for protagonist Aristotle defines as “serious actions complete in self” Aristotle defines as “serious actions complete in self” Catharsis: sympathetic reaction in audience has a purifying result Catharsis: sympathetic reaction in audience has a purifying result Tragic flaw– what causes protagonist’s downfall, often hubris Tragic flaw– what causes protagonist’s downfall, often hubris In Macbeth, we see influence of Senecan drama In Macbeth, we see influence of Senecan drama Involves revenge, murder, mutilation, and ghosts Involves revenge, murder, mutilation, and ghosts

Elizabethan tragedy and tragic heroes Member of power class by birth, conquest, or usurpation Member of power class by birth, conquest, or usurpation More fully realized human, heightened powers and destiny More fully realized human, heightened powers and destiny Fate in combination of what others do and what he does Fate in combination of what others do and what he does Individualist Individualist Represents universal human kind Represents universal human kind Intelligent and sensitive Intelligent and sensitive Learns through suffering Learns through suffering Isolated Isolated Shows personal courage in accepting death/defeat Shows personal courage in accepting death/defeat

“Freytag Pyramid” for tragic structure Act 1– exposition Act 1– exposition Act 2– rising action Act 2– rising action Act 3– turning point Act 3– turning point Act 4– falling action Act 4– falling action Act 5– catastrophe Act 5– catastrophe

The true story… Differences between play and history Differences between play and history Knew little of 1044 Scotland in England 1606 Knew little of 1044 Scotland in England 1606 Duncan I, king in 1034 after killing grandfather Duncan I, king in 1034 after killing grandfather Macbeth kills Duncan and rules for 17 years Macbeth kills Duncan and rules for 17 years 1057, Malcolm raised army with help of English and defeated Macbeth 1057, Malcolm raised army with help of English and defeated Macbeth Shakespeare got his story from Holinshed Chronicles Shakespeare got his story from Holinshed Chronicles In the history books, Macbeth’s wife is hardly mentioned In the history books, Macbeth’s wife is hardly mentioned

Macbeth, the play Written in 1606 Written in 1606 Written for James I of England (who was James VI of Scotland) Written for James I of England (who was James VI of Scotland) Scottish ancestry, descendent of Banquo-Fleance line Scottish ancestry, descendent of Banquo-Fleance line Some question on the legitimacy of this claim Some question on the legitimacy of this claim Shakespeare polished the history for a more positive view Shakespeare polished the history for a more positive view Fascinated by witches/supernatural, after three women confessed to witchcraft to try to sink his ship– the women were burned Fascinated by witches/supernatural, after three women confessed to witchcraft to try to sink his ship– the women were burned Just after a plot to murder king, relevant theme Just after a plot to murder king, relevant theme Supports divine authority of king Supports divine authority of king

Macbeth, the play (cont’d) One of the last tragedies Shakespeare wrote One of the last tragedies Shakespeare wrote An action-packed, psychological thriller An action-packed, psychological thriller Simple in plot structure: rise and fall of man Simple in plot structure: rise and fall of man Most complex and probing study of hero Most complex and probing study of hero Weaves symbolism, imagery, and irony Weaves symbolism, imagery, and irony Written primarily in blank verse Written primarily in blank verse Addresses the self-defeating character of evil Addresses the self-defeating character of evil Macbeth is one of Shakespeare’s most compelling characters; this is one of his greatest tragedies. Macbeth is one of Shakespeare’s most compelling characters; this is one of his greatest tragedies. The question for you is WHY???????

Themes Things are not what they seem Things are not what they seem Blind ambition Blind ambition Power corrupts Power corrupts The power of superstition on human behavior The power of superstition on human behavior What other themes do you see? What other themes do you see?

Literary Devices Allusion– mythological and Biblical Allusion– mythological and Biblical Figurative language– imagery, similes, metaphors, personification, alliteration Figurative language– imagery, similes, metaphors, personification, alliteration Symbolism Symbolism Foreshadowing Foreshadowing Dramatic irony Dramatic irony Ambiguity Ambiguity

Lady Gruoch Macbeth What motivates her? What motivates her? Wants to deny her femininity Wants to deny her femininity Abuses husband Abuses husband What does her character reveal about Shakespeare’s belief of women? What does her character reveal about Shakespeare’s belief of women? Historically she was married to Gillacomgain; Macbeth killed him, married her, and raised son Lulach Historically she was married to Gillacomgain; Macbeth killed him, married her, and raised son Lulach

The Witches Appropriate given interest in topic by James I Appropriate given interest in topic by James I In Shakespeare’s time many believed in witches In Shakespeare’s time many believed in witches Called “Weird Sisters” a reference to Holinshed’s Chronicles, but referred to as goddesses of fate Called “Weird Sisters” a reference to Holinshed’s Chronicles, but referred to as goddesses of fate Shakespeare presents them as typical witches Shakespeare presents them as typical witches Reminiscent of the three Fates of Greek myth and three Norns of Norse myth Reminiscent of the three Fates of Greek myth and three Norns of Norse myth Instruments of darkness Instruments of darkness Manifestations of evil in the world Manifestations of evil in the world Tempters… they appeal to what Macbeth wants to believe Tempters… they appeal to what Macbeth wants to believe Symbols of the potential for evil in the human imagination Symbols of the potential for evil in the human imagination A permanent feature of landscape; they are not defeated A permanent feature of landscape; they are not defeated

To think about as you read What makes this a tragedy? What makes Macbeth a tragic character/hero? What makes this a tragedy? What makes Macbeth a tragic character/hero? Why does Macbeth do what he does? What role does Lady Macbeth (Gruoch) play? Why does Macbeth do what he does? What role does Lady Macbeth (Gruoch) play? What psychological things are happening in play? What psychological things are happening in play? What is the relationship between Macbeth and his wife? How are they alike? How are they different? What is the relationship between Macbeth and his wife? How are they alike? How are they different? Is humanity fundamentally amoral? Is humanity fundamentally amoral?