Critical Thinking Strategies (addendum to our “Toolbox”)

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Presentation transcript:

Critical Thinking Strategies (addendum to our “Toolbox”) 1. Reconceptualize Issues in Multiple Way 11. Challenge Conspiracy Theories 2. Beware of Wishful Thinking 12. Watch Out for Illusions of Control 3. Consider the Legitimacy of Authorities 13. Be Careful Not to Blame Victim 4. Seek Risky Tests, Not Weak Confirmation 14. Beware the Media Paradox 5. Don’t Be Mislead by Testimonials 15. Pay Attention to Base Rates 6. Keep in Touch with Reality 16. Accept Some Mistakes 7. Remember that Correlation does not Imply Causation 17. Take Advantage of the Power of Statistical Decision Making 8. Consider Both Positive and Negative Consequences of a Claim 18. Don’t Misinterpret Regression Toward the Mean 9. Formulate Multiple Working Hypotheses 19. Consider Both Costs and Benefits 10. Ask What Can Be Predicted 20. Practice Critical Thinking Bring this Handout with you to Final

Second half of the class First half of the class Second half of the class 7 Guidelines to Critical Thinking Conformity and Asch study Rosenhan’s 1973 study “Being Sane in Insane Places” Obedience and Milgram study 10 Characteristics of Pseudoscience Power of the Situation and Prison Experiment Patricia Burgess and the Intergenerational cult Six Social Influence Tactics and Emotion Paranormal – Psychics, ESP, Fortune Telling Control and uncertainty Faith Healing and Psychic Surgery “The Secret” 6 Tools of Scientific Reasoning Memory and Bias Clever Hans Post-hockery Water Divining Bible Code Popular Media: Psychology Journals, Mass Media, You Graphology Media Paradox: Vividness and Availability Hot Hand Misleading Statistics and Research Methods Hypnosis, memory, and age regression Horoscopes Self-help: Risks and Benefits Framing Effects Clinical versus Statistical Approach Testimonials Rorschach and TAT Homeopathy 10 Competing Explanations for self-deception UFO’s and Alien Abductions Sleep Paralysis and Contamination Effect Conspiracy theories: Moon landing, 9/11, Kennedy

Writing Exercise #7 Applying the 20 Strategies