Oxidation process (Exergonic ) Endergoni c process Exergoni c process Endergoni c process Exergoni c process Essential endergon ic task Red Ox + e - ATP ADP + P i R P

Photolitho - trophy H 2 O H 2 S, S 0, H 2 CO 2 Algae, Cyanobacteria Chromatia, Chlorobium Photoorga- notrophy Organics Rhodospirillum Chemoorga- notrophy Organics O 2 NO 3 - Fe 3+ SO 4 2- Organics Arthrobacter Pseudomonas Shewanella SO 4 2- (e.g., Desulfovibrio ) Clostridium Chemolitho- trophy H 2 H 2 S Fe 2+ NH 3 NO 2 - H 2 O 2 NO 3 - O 2 CO 2 H 2 -oxidizers (e.g., Alcaligenes ) Thiobacillus Thiobacillus dentrificans Thiobacillus ferrooxidans Nitrosomonas Nitrobacter Methanogens (e.g., Methanococcus )

ATP—ENERGY CURRENCY OF CELL

RESPIRATION Organic compound Electron flow Carbon flow O2O2 CO 2 ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION Organic compound Electron flow Carbon flow CO 2 NO 3 -, SO 4 2-, CO 3 2-, etc. FERMENTATION Organic compound Electron flow Carbon flow Internal Oxidation- Reduction Fermentation products

Kemosintesis (Bakteri Hidrogen) : CH 2 O  P NADP + (CH 2 O)n NADPH CO 2 + H 2 0 Reaksi Gelap H 2 +½ O 2 [ADP + Pi] H2OH2O ATP Khlorofil H2OH2O [ADP + Pi] O2O2 ATP Cahaya Reaksi Terang CH 2 O  P NADP + (CH 2 O)n NADPH CO 2 + H 2 0 Reaksi Gelap

CH 2 O  P NADP + (CH 2 O)n NADPH CO 2 + H 2 0 Reaksi Gelap Khlorofil H2OH2O [ADP + Pi] O2O2 ATP Cahaya Reaksi Terang CH 2 O  P NADP + (CH 2 O)n NADPH CO 2 + H 2 0 Reaksi Gelap H 2 +½ O 2 [ADP + Pi] H2OH2O ATP Kemosintesis (Bakteri Hidrogen) :

Metabolism = Catabolism + Anabolism sum = metabolism Pay particular attention to those words in bold in this figure.

More generally, chemoheterotrophs. More generally, photoautotrophs (or just autotrophs). More generally, sun or reduced inorganic chemicals (ocean vents). Note that bacteria don’t have mitochondria: aerobic bacteria “are” mitochondria! E.g., glucose

Ezyme with Cofactor

ATP – Energy Currency of Cells

ATP, ADP, and Metabolism

Oxidation-Reduction (Redox)

Note NAD + (not “NAD”). Note that 2 hydrogen ions are removed along with the 2 electrons (only one H + ends up attached to NAD+, hence the charge change).

Overview of Metabolism

Glycolysis (see Fig. 6.14) An Enzyme and Coenzyme Mediated Catabolic Pathway Glucose Pyruvate NAD + ATP NADH

Glycolysis (see Fig. 6.14) An Enzyme and Coenzyme Mediated Catabolic Pathway