1. Cellular Respiration (Chapter 9)

3. Energy Plants, algae & some bacteria Convert radiant energy (sun) into chemical energy (glucose)

4. Harvest Energy All activities an organism performs requires energy

5. Catabolism Enzymes break down substances Harvest energy from C-H bonds Or other chemical bonds Organic compounds + oxygen ⇨ Carbon Dioxide + water + energy

6. Cellular respiration Aerobic respiration Chemical energy is harvested from food Presence of oxygen Anaerobic respiration Process occurs without oxygen Fermentation

7. Anaerobic Glucose to lactate (muscle cells) Glucose to alcohol (yeast cells) Does not yield as much energy

8. Cellular respiration

9. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 ---> 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O + ATP

10. Cellular Respiration Exergonic -686kcal/mole (-2,870kJ/mole) Redox reaction Glucose is oxidized, oxygen is reduced Energy stored in glucose makes ATP 38 ATP generated ATP stores energy for use in cellular functions

11. Vocabulary (Cell respire) NAD/NADH FAD ETC Phosphorylation Chemiosmosis ATP Synthase

12. NAD & NADH NAD: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD+ oxidized form NADH reduced form NAD + traps electrons from glucose Function as energy carrier

13. NAD & NADH Dehydrogenase (enzyme) Removes a pair of hydrogen atoms from glucose Transfers one proton and 2 electrons to NAD + H-C-OH + NAD + ⇨ -C=O + NADH + H + Used to make ATP

14. NAD & NADH

15. FAD Flavin adenine dinucleotide Transfers electrons

16. Electron transport chain Located inner membrane of mitochondria Plasma membrane (prokaryotes) Series of molecules (mostly proteins)

17. Electron transport chain Electrons fall to oxygen In a series of energy releasing steps High potential energy to low Energy released generates ATP

18. Electron transport chain Free energy, G Controlled release of energy for synthesis of ATP 2 H + + 2 e – 2 H + 1 / 2 O 2 (from food via NADH) ATP 1 / 2 O 2 2 H + 2 e – Electron transport chain H2OH2O

19. Phosphorylation Addition of a phosphate group to a molecule ATP is formed by a phosphorylation reaction 1. Substrate-level phosphorylation 2. Oxidative phosphorylation

20. Substrate phosphorylation Enzyme transfers a phosphate from a organic substrate molecule ADP to make ATP Direct formation Glycolysis and Krebs cycle

21. Oxidation phosphorylation Energy from electron transport chain Synthesis ATP Adds an inorganic phosphate to ADP

22. Chemiosmosis Energy-coupling mechanism Energy stored in hydrogen ion gradient across membrane Makes ATP from ADP

23. ATP Synthase Enzyme helps make ATP Located in membrane Changes ADP to ATP Uses energy from a proton gradient across membrane

24. The Reactions---Cell respire Glycolysis Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) Electron transport chain (oxidative phosphorylation)

26. Cellular respiration

28. Glycolysis Happens in cytoplasm Starts with glucose Yields 2 pyruvate (3 carbons) molecules, 4 ATP (net of 2 ATP) & 2 NADH 10 enzyme catalyzed reactions to complete

29. Glycolysis Part one (priming) First 5 reactions are endergonic 2 ATP molecules attach 2 phosphate groups to the glucose Produces a 6 carbon molecule with 2 high energy phosphates attached

30. Glycolysis Part two (cleavage reactions) 6 carbon molecule is split into 2 3-carbon molecules each with a phosphate (G3P)

31. Glycolysis Part three (energy harvesting reactions) In two reactions 2- G3P molecules are changed to pyruvate 4 ATP molecules are made (net of 2) An energy rich hydrogen is harvested as NADH (2NADH)

32. Glycolysis Every living organism can carry out glycolysis Occur in aerobic & anaerobic Does not require oxygen Oxygen present the Krebs cycle will begin

33. Fig. 9-9-1 ATP ADP Hexokinase 1 ATP ADP Hexokinase 1 Glucose Glucose-6-phosphate Glucose Glucose-6-phosphate

34. Fig. 9-9-2 Hexokinase ATP ADP 1 Phosphoglucoisomerase 2 Phosphogluco- isomerase 2 Glucose Glucose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate Glucose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate

35. 1 Fig. 9-9-3 Hexokinase ATP ADP Phosphoglucoisomerase Phosphofructokinase ATP ADP 2 3 ATP ADP Phosphofructo- kinase Fructose- 1, 6-bisphosphate Glucose Glucose-6-phosphate Fructose-6-phosphate Fructose- 1, 6-bisphosphate 1 2 3 Fructose-6-phosphate 3

36. Fig. 9-9-4 Glucose ATP ADP Hexokinase Glucose-6-phosphate Phosphoglucoisomerase Fructose-6-phosphate ATP ADP Phosphofructokinase Fructose- 1, 6-bisphosphate Aldolase Isomerase Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate 1 2 3 4 5 Aldolase Isomerase Fructose- 1, 6-bisphosphate Dihydroxyacetone phosphate Glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate 4 5

37. Fig. 9-9-5 2 NAD + NADH 2 + 2 H + 2 2P i Triose phosphate dehydrogenase 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 6 2 NAD + Glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate Triose phosphate dehydrogenase NADH2 + 2 H + 2 P i 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 6 2 2

38. Fig. 9-9-6 2 NAD + NADH 2 Triose phosphate dehydrogenase + 2 H + 2 P i 2 2 ADP 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate Phosphoglycerokinase 2 ATP 2 3-Phosphoglycerate 6 7 2 2 ADP 2 ATP 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 3-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoglycero- kinase 2 7

39. Fig. 9-9-7 3-Phosphoglycerate Triose phosphate dehydrogenase 2 NAD + 2 NADH + 2 H + 2 P i 2 2 ADP Phosphoglycerokinase 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate 2 ATP 3-Phosphoglycerate 2 Phosphoglyceromutase 2-Phosphoglycerate 2 2 2 Phosphoglycero- mutase 6 7 8 8

40. Fig. 9-9-8 2 NAD + NADH2 2 2 2 2 + 2 H + Triose phosphate dehydrogenase 2 P i 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate Phosphoglycerokinase 2 ADP 2 ATP 3-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoglyceromutase Enolase 2-Phosphoglycerate 2 H 2 O Phosphoenolpyruvate 9 8 7 6 2 2-Phosphoglycerate Enolase 2 2 H 2 O Phosphoenolpyruvate 9

41. Fig. 9-9-9 Triose phosphate dehydrogenase 2 NAD + NADH 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ADP 2 ATP Pyruvate Pyruvate kinase Phosphoenolpyruvate Enolase 2 H 2 O 2-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoglyceromutase 3-Phosphoglycerate Phosphoglycerokinase 2 ATP 2 ADP 1, 3-Bisphosphoglycerate + 2 H + 6 7 8 9 10 2 2 ADP 2 ATP Phosphoenolpyruvate Pyruvate kinase 2 Pyruvate 10 2 P i

42. Oxidation of pyruvate Pyruvate is changed into acetyl-CoA First carboxyl group is removed Leaves as carbon dioxide 2 carbon molecule called acetate remains

43. Oxidation of pyruvate Pyruvate dehydrogenase Multienzyme complex Combines acetate (acetyl group) with a coenzyme called coenzyme A. Product is acetyl-CoA Plus one NADH

44. Oxidation of pyruvate Pyruvate dehydrogenase Largest known enzyme 60 subunits Process occurs within mitochondria Acetyl-CoA is end product of the break down of fats and proteins too

45. Fig. 9-10 CYTOSOLMITOCHONDRION NAD + NADH+ H + 2 1 3 Pyruvate Transport protein CO 2 Coenzyme A Acetyl CoA