1. Where It Starts: Photosynthesis Chapter 5

2. Sunlight and Survival Autotrophs use nonliving sources to build their own food Heterotrophs feed on living organisms or their remains

3. Sunlight and Survival Photoautotrophs use sunlight and CO 2 to produce sugar in the process of photosynthesis plants, algae and photosynthetic bacteria

4. Visible Light Wavelengths humans perceive as different colors Violet (380 nm) to red (750 nm) Longer wavelengths, lower energy

5. Pigments Color you see is the wavelengths not absorbed So, Why do we see plants as green? Why do we see plants as other colors in fall and winter?

6. Variety of Pigments Chlorophylls Carotenoids Anthocyanins Phycobilins

7. Fig. 5-2, p.74

8. Photosynthesis Equation 12H 2 O + 6CO 2 6O 2 + C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6H 2 O watercarbon dioxide oxygenglucosewater LIGHT ENERGY

9. Two-Step Process Light-dependent reactions formation of ATP Light-independent reactions Synthesis part of photosynthesis (synthesis of glucose) Can proceed in the dark using energy stored in the light reactions Calvin-Benson cycle

10. sunlight energy H 2 O (water) ATP O2O2 H 2 O (metabolic water) light- dependent reactions light- independent reactions glucose ADP + P i CO 2 (carbon dioxide)

11. Chloroplast two outer membranes inner membrane system (thylakoids connected by channels) stroma Organelle of photosynthesis in plants and algae

12. Summary of Photosynthesis 12H 2 O sunlight Calvin- Benson cycle 6O 2 Light Dependent Reactions Light Independent Reactions NADP + ADP + P i 6 RuBP 12 PGAL P end products (e.g., sucrose, starch, cellulose) phosphorylated glucose 6H 2 O 6CO 2 ATP NADPH

13. Photoautotrophs –Carbon source is carbon dioxide –Energy source is sunlight Heterotrophs –Get carbon and energy by eating autotrophs or one another Carbon and Energy Sources

14. How Cells Release Chemical Energy Chapter 6

15. Photosynthesizers get energy from the sun Animals get energy second- or third- hand from plants or other organisms Regardless, the energy is converted to the chemical bond energy of ATP ATP Is Universal Energy Source

16. Making ATP Plants make ATP during photosynthesis Cells of all organisms make ATP by breaking down carbohydrates, fats, and protein

17. Main Types of Energy-Releasing Pathways Aerobic pathways Require oxygen Anaerobic pathways No Oxygen required

18. Summary Equation for Aerobic Cellular Respiration C 6 H 12 0 6 + 6O 2 6CO 2 + 6H 2 0 + ATP glucose oxygen carbon water dioxide

19. A monosaccharide or simple sugar (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) Why is Glucose so important in the blood of animals? Glucose

20. Overview of Aerobic Respiration CYTOPLASM Glycolysis Electron Transfer Phosphorylation Krebs Cycle ATP 2 CO 2 4 CO 2 2 32 water 2 NADH 8 NADH 2 FADH 2 2 NADH 2 pyruvate e - + H + e - + oxygen (2 ATP net) glucose Typical Energy Yield: 36 ATP e-e- e - + H + ATP H+H+ e - + H + ATP 2 4

21. Fermentation Pathways Begin with glycolysis Are anaerobic: don’t require oxygen Yield only the 2 ATP from glycolysis

22. Lactate Fermentation C 6 H 12 O 6 ATP NADH 2 lactate electrons, hydrogen from NADH 2 NAD + 2 2 ADP 2 pyruvate 2 4 energy output energy input GLYCOLYSIS LACTATE FORMATION 2 ATP net

23. Alcoholic Fermentation C 6 H 12 O 6 ATP NADH 2 acetaldehyde electrons, hydrogen from NADH 2 NAD + 2 2 ADP 2 pyruvate 2 4 energy output energy input GLYCOLYSIS ETHANOL FORMATION 2 ATP net 2 ethanol 2 H 2 O 2 CO 2

24. Linked Processes Photosynthesis Energy-storing pathway Releases oxygen Requires carbon dioxide Aerobic Respiration Energy-releasing pathway Requires oxygen Releases carbon dioxide