Flowering Plants Chapter 25 Notes

Angiosperms Phylum Anthophyta Anthus “flower” phyt “plant” 300,000+ species Earth’s Dominant Plants

Flowering Plants Like gymnosperms: Unlike gymnosperms: Flowering plants have vascular tissues and produce seeds Heterosporous – megaspores and microspores Unlike gymnosperms: Ovules of flowering plants are enclosed within an ovary

KEY TERMS OVULE Structure in the ovary that contains a female gametophyte and develops into a seed after fertilization OVARY Base of a carpel or fused carpels that contains ovules and develops into a fruit after fertilization

Orange Fruit Development

The Function of Fruits Protects seeds as they grow and mature Seed Dispersal

Flower Parts Female Parts Male Parts The Pistil – 1+ Carpels Stigma - sticky Style – the neck connecting stigma to ovary Ovary – houses ovules (each contains 1 egg) The Stamen Anther – produces pollen grains Filament - stalk

Ecology and Economy Our survival as a species depends on flowering plants Major food crops Products Cork, rubber, tobacco, coffee, chocolate, aromatic oils for perfumes Valuable lumber Fibers and medicines Clothing

Economic Botany Subdiscipline of botany that deals with plants of economic importance Most of these are flowering plants

KEY TERMS COTYLEDON The seed leaf of a plant embryo, which may contain food stored for germination

KEY TERMS MONOCOT Seeds contain a single cotyledon Monocots have floral parts in threes Monocots include grasses, orchids, irises, onions, lilies, palms Mostly Herbaceous

KEY TERMS EUDICOT Seeds contain two cotyledons Eudicots have floral parts in fours or fives Eudicots include oaks, roses, mustards, cacti, blueberries, sunflowers

Life Cycle Flowering plants undergo an alternation of generations: Sporophyte generation is larger and nutritionally independent Gametophyte generation is reduced to only a few microscopic cells 6th Hour!!!!

KEY TERMS DOUBLE FERTILIZATION A process in the flowering plant life cycle in which there are two fertilizations One results in formation of a zygote Second results in formation of endosperm

KEY TERMS ENDOSPERM The 3n nutritive tissue formed at some point in the development of all angiosperm seeds Formed by double fertilization The two polar nuclei fuse with the second sperm cell

Life Cycle: Flowering Plants 4th Hour left off here 6th Hour left off here

Pollen Grains

Adaptations of Flowering Plants Reproduce sexually by forming flowers Form seeds within fruits after double fertilization Efficient water-conducting vessel elements in xylem Efficient carbohydrate-conducting sieve-tube elements in phloem Have pollen grains transported by wind, water, insects, other animals

KEY TERMS APOMIXIS A type of reproduction Fruits and seeds are formed asexually No fusion of gametes Embryo is genetically similar to parent Plants that reproduce by apomixis: dandelions, citrus trees, blackberries, garlic, certain grasses.

Adaptability of Flowering Plants 2nd Hour Left off Here

KEY TERMS BASAL ANGIOSPERM CORE ANGIOSPERM Group of angiosperms thought to be ancestral to all other flowering plants CORE ANGIOSPERM Group including most angiosperm species Divided into three subgroups: magnoliids, monocots, and eudicots

KEY TERMS MAGNOLIID One of the groups of flowering plants Core angiosperms once classified as “dicots,” but molecular evidence indicates they are neither eudicots nor monocots Includes species in magnolia, laurel, and black pepper families, several related families

It’s Chart Time! Woo Hoo!

Flowering Plant Families 1 More than 300 families Magnolia family Important ornamentals and source of timber Examples: southern magnolia, tuliptree

Magnolia Family

Flowering Plant Families 2 Walnut family Provides nuts for food, wood for furniture Examples: English walnut, black walnut, pecan Cactus family Important as ornamentals Examples: prickly pear, Christmas cactus

Walnut Family

Figure 25.10: The walnut family. Fig. 25-10b, p. 498

Figure 25.10: The walnut family. Fig. 25-10c, p. 498

Cactus Family

Flowering Plant Families 3 Mustard family Many important food crops Examples: cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, turnip, mustard Rose family Commercially important fruits and ornamentals Examples: apple, pear, plum, cherry, apricot, peach, strawberry, raspberry, rose

Mustard Family

Mustard Family

Mustard Family

Mustard Family

Rose Family

Rose Family

Rose Family

Flowering Plant Families 4 Pea family Important food crops Examples: garden pea, chick pea, green bean, soybean, lima bean, peanut, red clover, alfalfa

Pea Family

Pea Family

Pea Family 1st Hour Left off Here 12/5/11

Flowering Plant Families 5 Potato family Important food crops and chemicals used as drugs Examples: potato, tomato, green pepper, eggplant, petunia, deadly nightshade (belladonna)

Potato Family

Flowering Plant Families 6 Pumpkin family Food crops Examples: pumpkins, melons, squashes, cucumbers, cantaloupe, honeydew, muskmelon, cucumber, watermelon

Pumpkin Family

Pumpkin Family

Flowering Plant Families 7 Sunflower family One of the largest families of flowering plants Examples: chrysanthemums, marigolds, sunflowers, daisies, and some food plants such as lettuce, globe artichokes

Sunflower Family

Flowering Plant Families 8 Grass family Most important family of flowering plants from the human standpoint Examples: rice, wheat, corn, oats, barley, rye, sugarcane, bamboo

Grass Family

Flowering Plant Families 9 Orchid family One of the largest families of flowering plants; contains a greater variety of flowers than any other family Example: the vanilla orchid Agave family Best known for ornamentals Examples: century plant, sisal hemp, bowstring hemp

Orchid Family