Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, Second Edition Chapter 3 Linux Installation and Usage

Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e Objectives Install Red Hat Fedora Linux using good practices Outline the structure of the Linux interface Enter basic shell commands and find command documentation Properly shut down the Linux operating system Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Installing Linux: Installation Methods FTP server HTTP Web server NFS server SMB server Virtual Network Computing (VNC) server Packages on hard disk Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Performing the Installation: Starting the Installation Boot from first Red Hat Fedora Linux CD-ROM Largest problem is initiating a graphical installation Disable framebuffer Framebuffer: Abstract representation of video adapter card hardware Instead of direct communication with video adapter Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Performing the Installation: Starting the Installation (continued) Figure 3-1: Beginning a Red Hat installation Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Performing the Installation: Starting the Installation (continued) Press F2 at Welcome screen to get installation options Check media for errors prior to installation Optional, but recommended Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Performing the Installation: Starting the Installation (continued) Figure 3-2: Viewing installation options Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Choosing the Language, Keyboard, Mouse, and Monitor Keyboard model and layout automatically detected Check “Emulate 3 Button” if mouse does not have third button Most monitors automatically detected If not, try to locate on list of monitor models or use generic model with correct horizontal and vertical sync Incorrect monitor settings can damage monitor Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Choosing the Language, Keyboard, Mouse, and Monitor (continued) Figure 3-4: Selecting an installation language Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Choosing the Language, Keyboard, Mouse, and Monitor (continued) Figure 3-5: Verifying keyboard configuration Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Choosing the Language, Keyboard, Mouse, and Monitor (continued) Figure 3-6: Selecting a mouse type Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Choosing the Language, Keyboard, Mouse, and Monitor (continued) Figure 3-7: Verifying monitor configuration Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Specifying the Installation Type Personal Desktop GUI environment and common applications Workstation Same as Personal Desktop plus administrative and network tools Server Several server services Custom Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Specifying the Installation Type (continued) Figure 3-8: Choosing an installation type Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Hard Disk Partitioning Filesystems can be accessed if attached (mounted) to a directory Minimum of two partitions Partition for root directory Partition for virtual memory (swap memory) Area on hard disk used to store information normally residing in physical memory (RAM) Automatic or manual partitioning Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Hard Disk Partitioning (continued) Table 3-1: Common Linux filesystems and sizes Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Hard Disk Partitioning (continued) Figure 3-9: Choosing a disk partitioning method Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Hard Disk Partitioning (continued) Different types of filesystems Ext2: Used on most Linux computers Ext3: Performs journaling Vfat: Compatible with Windows’ FAT filesystem REISER: Performs journaling Journaling: Keeps track of the information written to the hard drive Disk Druid: Graphical partitioning program Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Hard Disk Partitioning (continued) Figure 3-10: The Disk Druid partitioning utility Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Hard Disk Partitioning (continued) Figure 3-11: Creating a new partition Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Configuring the Boot Loader Boot loader: Program started by BIOS ROM Loads kernel into memory Can also boot other existing OSs GRand Unified Bootloader (GRUB): Boot loader configured during Fedora Linux installation Dual booting: Choose OS to boot at startup Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Configuring the Boot Loader (continued) Figure 3-12: Configuring a boot loader Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Configuring the Boot Loader (continued) Boot loader usually resides on the MBR or on first sector of / or /boot partition Kernel parameters: Information passed to Linux kernel via the boot loader Large Block Addressing 32-bit (LBA32): Enables Large Block Addressing in boot loader For large hard disks not fully supported by the BIOS Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Configuring the Boot Loader (continued) Figure 3-13: Configuring advanced boot loader options Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Configuring the Network and Firewall Figure 3-14: Specifying a network configuration Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Configuring the Network and Firewall (continued) Will NIC be activated at boot time? Manual IP configuration Set IP address, Netmask, host name, gateway, primary domain name space (DNS) Automatic IP configuration via DHCP Firewall prevents traffic from entering computer Customize which traffic is allowed through Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Configuring the Network and Firewall (continued) Figure 3-15: Configuring a firewall Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Choosing a System Language and Time Zone Figure 3-16: Selecting additional language support Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Choosing a System Language and Time Zone (continued) Figure 3-17: Choosing a time zone Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e Creating the Root User Authentication: Users log in via valid user name and password Configure two user accounts Administrator account (root) Full rights to system Regular user account Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Creating the Root User (continued) Figure 3-18: Setting a root password Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e Selecting Packages Figure 3-19: Selecting packages Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e Installing Packages Figure 3-19: Package Installation Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Completing the Firstboot Wizard Complete the installation License agreement Graphics settings User accounts and authentication Install additional software Log in with user account for daily tasks Shadow password: stored in separate DB from user accounts MD5: password encryption method Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Completing the Firstboot Wizard (continued) Figure 3-22: Setting the date and time Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Completing the Firstboot Wizard (continued) Figure 3-23: Configuring screen resolution and color depth Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Completing the Firstboot Wizard (continued) Figure 3-24: Creating a regular user account Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Completing the Firstboot Wizard (continued) Figure 3-25: Configuring user information Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Completing the Firstboot Wizard (continued) Figure 3-26: Configuring authentication Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Basic Linux Language: Shells, Terminals, and the Kernel Terminal: Channel allowing users to log on to the kernel locally or across a network Shell: Transfers user input to kernel BASH Shell (Bourne Again Shell): Default Linux shell Command line shell Linux allows multiple terminals, each with its own shell Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Basic Linux Language: Shells, Terminals, and the Kernel (continued) Figure 3-27: Shells, terminals, and the kernel Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Basic Linux Language: Shells, Terminals, and the Kernel (continued) Graphical Interface Start GUI environment on top of BASH shell o Or, switch to a graphical terminal e.g., GNOME Display Manager (gdm) From the local server, use key combinations to change to separate terminal Command-line terminal may be accessed from GUI environment Command prompt: Root user: # Regular user: $ Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Basic Linux Language: Shells, Terminals, and the Kernel (continued) Table 3-2: Common Linux terminals Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Basic Linux Language: Shells, Terminals, and the Kernel (continued) Figure 3-29: Accessing a command-line terminal in a GUI environment Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e Basic Shell Commands Commands: Indicate name of program to execute Case sensitive Options: Specific letters starting with “-” appearing after command name Alter way command works Arguments: Specify a command’s working parameters Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Basic Shell Commands (continued) Table 3-3: Some Common Linux commands Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e Shell Metacharacters Metacharacters: Characters with a special meaning e.g., $ Refers to a variable Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Shell Metacharacters (continued) Table 3-4: Common BASH Shell metacharacters Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e Getting Command Help Linux distributions contain many commands Manual pages: Most common form of documentation for Linux commands “man” pages At command prompt, type “man” followed by a command name Contain different sections Info pages: Set of local, easy-to-read command syntax documentation At command prompt, type “info” followed by a command name Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Getting Command Help (continued) Table 3-5: Manual page section numbers Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Shutting Down the Linux System Table 3-6: Commands to halt and reboot the Linux operating system Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e Summary Most software information can be specified at installation Network configuration and package selection should be carefully planned before installation CD-ROM–based installation Easiest Most common Rarely requires installation boot disk Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e Summary (continued) Installation prompts for language, boot loader, hard disk partitions, network configuration, firewall configuration, time zone, user accounts, authentication, and package selection Users must log in to a terminal and receive a shell before they are able to interact with the Linux system and kernel Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e

Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e Summary (continued) From any type of terminal you can enter commands, options, and arguments at a shell prompt to perform system tasks, obtain command help, or shut down the Linux system The shell is case sensitive and understands a variety of special characters called shell metacharacters, which should be protected if their special meaning is not required Linux+ Guide to Linux Certification, 2e