1. Linux Introduction Linux was developed in the early 1990’s by Linus Torvald computer science student at the University of Helsinki Linux is distributed freely under GNU Linux is Multitasking and Multi user OS. Linux is an OS for PC computers that use any processors

2. Continue.. Linux can be generally divided into four major components are KERNEL SHELL FILE STRUCTURE UTILITIES

3. KERNEL The KERNEL is the core program that runs programs and manages Hardware devices.

4. SHELL The Shell provides an interface for the user. It receives commands from the user and send those commands to the Kernel for execution. It can be described as an interpreter.

5. File Structure File Structure organizes the way, the files are stored to or retrieved from a storage device. File are organized into directories, each directory may contain many number of sub directories

6. UTILITIES Linux has software programs called utilities. The utilities are specialized programs such as Editors, Compilers and communication programs

7. Linux Startup process When you startup a linux system,a series of events occur after you power and before you receive a login prompt.This sequence is referred to as the boot process. 1.BIOS-Starts checks for hardware devices.The BIOS performs its checks and then looks to the MBR,which contains the first boot loader,such as LILO after finding LILO,the BIOS initiates LILO. 2.LILO-then reads in the partition table as looks for the second stage boot loader on the partition listed in the /etc/lilo.conf file

8. Continue.. 3. The second stage boot loader (/boot/boot.b)finds the KERNEL image and runs it. 4.The kernel starts the INIT process by running /sbin/init.Then init process startup getty process for the console prompt $.

9. Shutdown process #init 0 #halt Shutdown –y –g0 –i0

10. Run levels Linux has several different level of operation,referred to as run level.You can select the default run level by editing your /etc/inittab file 0-This run level is used to shutdown the system 1single User mode –Only one person may log on and that person will be operating as the super user.This mode is mainly for maintenance and repair.

11. Continue.. 2 Multi user mode-Users are allowed to log on,but the network has not yet been initialized. 3.Full multi user mode-All services and network have been initialized. 5This run level will cause the M/C to boot directly into the graphical X window system.Bypassing the console 6.This run level used to reboot the M/C EXAMPLE #init 5

12. Linux Installation Minimum hardware for a Linux system (Red Hat 8.0) Intel Pentium 32 MB RAM 3GB HDD CD-ROM Drive Floppy Drive SVGA graphics card with Video RAM NIC

13. Beginning the Installation Installing from CD-ROM To install Red Hat Linux from a CD- ROM, choose CD-ROM and select OK. When prompted, insert the Red Hat Linux CD into your CD-ROM drive (if you did not boot from the CD-ROM). Once the CD is in the CD-ROM drive, select OK, and press [Enter].

14. Language selection

15. Keyboard Configuration

16. Mouse Configuration

17. Install Options Red Hat Linux allows you to choose the installation type that best fits your needs. Your options are Workstation, Server, Laptop, Custom, or Upgrade.

18. Partitioning You can choose to perform automatic partitioning, to partition manually using Disk Druid, to partition manually using fdisk, or use the Back button to choose a different installation method

19. Partitioning with Disk Druid

20. Partition Fields Each line in the Partitions section represents a disk partition. Each line in this section has five different fields: Mount Point: A mount point is the location within the directory hierarchy at which a volume exists; the volume is "mounted" at this location. This field indicates where the partition will be mounted. If a partition exists, but is not set, then you need to define its mount point. Double-click on the partition or click the Edit button.

21. Device: This field displays the partition's device name Requested: This field shows the partition's original size. To redefine the size of a partition, you must delete the current partition and recreate it using the Add button Actual: This field shows the space currently allocated to the partition Type: This field shows the partition's type (for example, Linux Native or DOS).

22. Recommended Partitioning Scheme Swap partition (at least 32 MB) — swap partitions are used to support virtual memory. In other words, data is written to a swap partition when there is not enough RAM to store the data your system is processing. If your computer has 16 MB of RAM or less, you must create a swap partition. Even if you have more memory, a swap partition is still recommended. The minimum size of your swap partition should be equal to twice your computer's RAM, or 32 MB, whichever amount is larger, but no more than 128 MB. In Disk Druid, the partition field for swap should look similar to the following: hda6 64M 64M Linux swap

23. Root partition (1.2-2.4 GB) —This is where "/" (the root directory) will be located. In this setup, all files (except those stored in /boot) are on the root partition. An 1.2 GB root partition will permit the equivalent of a workstation-class installation (with very little free space), while a 2.4 GB root partition will let you install every package. In Disk Druid, the partition field for / should look similar to: / hda5 3734M 3734M Linux native

24. Partitioning with fdisk If you have chosen to use fdisk, the next screen will prompt you to select a drive to partition using fdisk Once you have chosen which drive to partition, you will be presented with the fdisk command screen. If you do not know what command to use, type [m] at the prompt for help.

25. When you are finished making partitions, type [w] to save your changes and quit. You will be taken back to the original fdisk screen where you can choose to partition another drive or continue with your installation. After you have partitioned your drive(s), click Next. Then you will need to use Disk Druid to assign mount points to the partitions you just created with fdisk. You will not be able to add new partitions using Disk Druid, but you will be able to edit mount points for the partitions you have already created

26. Formatting Partitions After you've created partitions, you will need to format them. Choose the partitions that you would like to format.

27. Installing LILO or GRUB In order to boot your Red Hat Linux system, you usually need to install LILO (the LInux LOader)or GRUB You may install LILO in one of two places The master boot record (MBR) The recommended place to install LILO, unless the MBR already starts another operating system loader, such as System Commander or OS/2's Boot Manager. The MBR is a special area on your hard drive that is automatically loaded by your computer's BIOS, and is the earliest point at which LILO can take control of the boot process. If you install LILO in the MBR, when your machine boots, LILO will present a LILO: prompt. You can then boot Red Hat Linux or any other operating system that you have configured LILO to boot.

28. The first sector of your root partition Recommended if you are already using another boot loader on your system (such as OS/2's Boot Manager). In this case, your other boot loader will take control first. You can then configure that boot loader to start LILO (which will then boot Red Hat Linux). If you choose to install LILO, please select where you would like LILO to be installed on your system (see Figure). If your system will use only Red Hat Linux, you should choose the MBR. For systems with Windows 95/98, you should install LILO to the MBR so that LILO can boot both operating systems.Figure

29. LILO Configuration

30. Network Configuration If you do not have a network card, you will not see this screen

31. Firewall Configuration Red Hat Linux also offers you firewall protection for enhanced system security. A firewall exists between your computer and the network, and determines which resources on your computer remote users on the network can access

32. Time Zone Configuration

33. Language Support Selection

34. Account Configuration The Account Configuration screen allows you to set your root password. Additionally, you can set up user accounts for you to log in to once the installation is complete.

35. Package Group Selection

36. GUI X Configuration Tool Video Card Configuration Xconfigurator will now present a list of video cards for you to choose from

37. Configuring Your Monitor

38. Custom Configuration

39. Preparing to Install You will now see a screen preparing you for the installation of Red Hat Linux.

40. Installing Packages

41. Boot Disk Creation

42. Installation Complete Congratulations! Your Red Hat Linux 7.1 installation is now complete