TYPES OF RESEARCH TYPES OF RESEARCH Dr. Ali Abd El-Monsif Thabet

Significance of study The investigator must explain : The investigator must explain : Why time and effort should be spent on the study. Why time and effort should be spent on the study. What the study is expected to contribute to the problem or to a body of knowledge. What the study is expected to contribute to the problem or to a body of knowledge. How much this study is beneficial for the related field, for the whole population, for the clinicians and for the economy of the country should. How much this study is beneficial for the related field, for the whole population, for the clinicians and for the economy of the country should.

Significance of study 1. The size of the problem 1. The size of the problem a.Related to the population a.Related to the population b.Related to the country's economy b.Related to the country's economy c.Related to patient psycho-social aspects c.Related to patient psycho-social aspects 2. The difference of the experimented technique from other previous techniques 2. The difference of the experimented technique from other previous techniques 3. The advantages of the new technique over the other techniques like time saving, money wise, safety, and the practicability of the technique. 3. The advantages of the new technique over the other techniques like time saving, money wise, safety, and the practicability of the technique. 4. The weak points of other approaches regarding techniques, design, patient selections, statistical analysis and interpretation of the results 4. The weak points of other approaches regarding techniques, design, patient selections, statistical analysis and interpretation of the results

Rationale Scientific justification for problem solving. Scientific justification for problem solving. It should convince the reviewer about the thinking of problem solving. It should convince the reviewer about the thinking of problem solving. The scientific justification of interaction between independent variable/s and the dependent variable/s should be clarified by the investigator. The scientific justification of interaction between independent variable/s and the dependent variable/s should be clarified by the investigator. Each paragraph should carry a specific idea, and the whole subject indicate scientific analysis of the problem and its way of solving. Each paragraph should carry a specific idea, and the whole subject indicate scientific analysis of the problem and its way of solving.

Rationale 1.1st Paragraph 1.1st Paragraph It include the size of the problem and its influence on the whole population and on the economical studies. It include the size of the problem and its influence on the whole population and on the economical studies. 2.2nd Paragraph 2.2nd Paragraph It includes demonstration of the treatment trials for solving this problem and shows their effectiveness and weakness. It includes demonstration of the treatment trials for solving this problem and shows their effectiveness and weakness. 3.3rd Paragraph 3.3rd Paragraph It includes the nature of the pathological background of the problem that needs to be solved. It includes the nature of the pathological background of the problem that needs to be solved. 4.4th Paragraph 4.4th Paragraph It includes the relationship and physiological effect of treatment intervention on the underlying pathology of the problem and how it ca help to resolve this problem. It includes the relationship and physiological effect of treatment intervention on the underlying pathology of the problem and how it ca help to resolve this problem.

HYPOTHESIS TESTING Hypothesis Hypothesis The, formulation of hypothesis reduces the problem to conditional relations which can be tested by the research process. The, formulation of hypothesis reduces the problem to conditional relations which can be tested by the research process. A hypothesis is a proposition that can be tested. It is an idea about the relation between two or more variables. A hypothesis is a proposition that can be tested. It is an idea about the relation between two or more variables. Hypothesis testing enables the researcher to compare theoretical results with those obtained by experimentation. Hypothesis testing enables the researcher to compare theoretical results with those obtained by experimentation. Gathering and analyzing data are ways of determining whether theoretical and experimental results are in agreement or whether the difference in results warrants rejection of the theory. Gathering and analyzing data are ways of determining whether theoretical and experimental results are in agreement or whether the difference in results warrants rejection of the theory.

The hypothesis can be tested in two forms: 1. Alternate hypothesis or Directional hypothesis The hypothesis can be tested in two forms: 1. Alternate hypothesis or Directional hypothesis 2. Null hypothesis 2. Null hypothesis Alternate hypothesis states that a difference does exist between variables. If a researcher has some evidence (personal observations or literature reports showing trends) to believe that one method is better than another, then a directional hypothesis can be tested. For example: dynamic exercises are better than isometric exercises for increase strength throughout the entire range of joint motion. Alternate hypothesis states that a difference does exist between variables. If a researcher has some evidence (personal observations or literature reports showing trends) to believe that one method is better than another, then a directional hypothesis can be tested. For example: dynamic exercises are better than isometric exercises for increase strength throughout the entire range of joint motion.

Null hypothesis states that no difference exists between variables. Null (means without value or significance). In hypothesis testing, the null hypothesis implies that the difference between the means of the different values is equal to zero. Null hypothesis states that no difference exists between variables. Null (means without value or significance). In hypothesis testing, the null hypothesis implies that the difference between the means of the different values is equal to zero. The null hypothesis is used commonly in experimental research because of simplicity. The null hypothesis is a clear and unambiguous statement. The null hypothesis is used commonly in experimental research because of simplicity. The null hypothesis is a clear and unambiguous statement. For example: ice packs and hot packs are equally effective for treating patients having chronic low back strains. For example: ice packs and hot packs are equally effective for treating patients having chronic low back strains.

LITERATURE REVIEW Related Research Related Research The most relative studies supporting the investigator's argument should be cited in this section. The most relative studies supporting the investigator's argument should be cited in this section. The investigator must present the information in a logical sequence, sometimes chronologically, to demonstrate his knowledge of previous research. The investigator must present the information in a logical sequence, sometimes chronologically, to demonstrate his knowledge of previous research. The story must convince the reviewer that previous research has not answered the question or tested the hypothesis stated by the investigator. The story must convince the reviewer that previous research has not answered the question or tested the hypothesis stated by the investigator.

If any current studies overlap the problem of the proposal, the investigator should show how this proposal differs from those studies or how it will complement them. If any current studies overlap the problem of the proposal, the investigator should show how this proposal differs from those studies or how it will complement them. A survey of literature relating to the problem must be undertaken. The reason for this are: A survey of literature relating to the problem must be undertaken. The reason for this are: 1. To ascertain originality of research. 1. To ascertain originality of research. 2. To provide ideas for solving the problem. 2. To provide ideas for solving the problem. 3. To avoid repetitious findings 3. To avoid repetitious findings

Planning the literature review The researcher must be familiar with the valuable sources in the library The researcher must be familiar with the valuable sources in the library Primary literature; (periodicals, books). Primary literature; (periodicals, books). Secondary literature (Abstracts) Secondary literature (Abstracts)

Reviewing Process The task of reviewing is becoming very difficult because of tremendous amounts of literature. The task of reviewing is becoming very difficult because of tremendous amounts of literature. This process vary from subject to subject according to: This process vary from subject to subject according to: Familiarity with the library, Familiarity with the library, The demand of the subject or area being reviewed, and The demand of the subject or area being reviewed, and The detail desired. The detail desired.

Personal Abstract File Isolation of each reference on a single index card or attached cards is important because as review of the literature continues, considerable information is available and collected. Isolation of each reference on a single index card or attached cards is important because as review of the literature continues, considerable information is available and collected. The researcher should choose the size of the card (7.6 x 12.7, 12.7 x 20.3 cm) on which to record bibliographical and abstract information and notes. The researcher should choose the size of the card (7.6 x 12.7, 12.7 x 20.3 cm) on which to record bibliographical and abstract information and notes. The abstract provides sufficient information to determine whether the report is relative to the research problem. The abstract provides sufficient information to determine whether the report is relative to the research problem.

Information Resources Abstracts Abstracts A number of journals provide readers with an abstracting services, which can save time in locating the original reports. Abstracts should be considered as secondary sources of literature review. A number of journals provide readers with an abstracting services, which can save time in locating the original reports. Abstracts should be considered as secondary sources of literature review. Journals Journals Journals are primary sources for seeking information for investigative work on a particular topic. Selection of journals appropriate to the investigator's topic depends on the subject being pursued Journals are primary sources for seeking information for investigative work on a particular topic. Selection of journals appropriate to the investigator's topic depends on the subject being pursued

Reprints Reprints If a published report is particularly useful, then a reproduction or reprint should be obtained. A reprint can be placed in the personal file and is available as needed. If a published report is particularly useful, then a reproduction or reprint should be obtained. A reprint can be placed in the personal file and is available as needed. Reprints of recent references (within 2 years) can be obtained by writing directly to the author and requesting a reprint of the article. Reprints of recent references (within 2 years) can be obtained by writing directly to the author and requesting a reprint of the article.

Books Books Books on the most areas of interest are available in medical libraries. Books give basic material in varying degrees of depth according to the book's purpose, but not the most up-to-date sources of information. Their bibliographies offer important sources of information. Books on the most areas of interest are available in medical libraries. Books give basic material in varying degrees of depth according to the book's purpose, but not the most up-to-date sources of information. Their bibliographies offer important sources of information. Microfilms Microfilms Microfilm provides the researcher with the original article. The reader can read any page of the article on a large viewing screen. Microfilm provides the researcher with the original article. The reader can read any page of the article on a large viewing screen.

Thank you