DOD Microgrids The Missing Link: Microgrid Applications Michael Dempsey P.E. Burns & McDonnell June 12, 2013 © 2013 Burns & McDonnell. All Rights Reserved.

2013 ADC DEFENSE COMMUNITIES NATIONAL SUMMIT | PAGE 2 2 What are Microgrids? Isolatable Segment of Existing Distribution System with Onsite Generation Capable of Independent Operation from Remaining System Typically Involves Multiple Generation Assets and Multiple Loads © 2013 Burns & McDonnell. All Rights Reserved.

2013 ADC DEFENSE COMMUNITIES NATIONAL SUMMIT | PAGE 3 3 Common Features of Microgrids Normal Parallel Operation with Utility – Distributed Generation - or Distributed Emergency Generation Seamless Transition to/from Utility Integration of Generation Assets to Support Loads Without Utility Load Sharing/Load Control High Levels of Automation © 2013 Burns & McDonnell. All Rights Reserved.

2013 ADC DEFENSE COMMUNITIES NATIONAL SUMMIT | PAGE 4 4 What Microgrids are Not Controls-Only Solutions Uninterruptible Power Supplies (UPS) Parallel Operation Island Operation Transition may Result in Momentary Outage Sources of Revenue But Generation Assets can be © 2013 Burns & McDonnell. All Rights Reserved.

2013 ADC DEFENSE COMMUNITIES NATIONAL SUMMIT | PAGE 5 5 Microgrid Value Energy Security System Redundancy Leverage Existing Generation Assets Cost Justify New/Expanded Generation Assets Peak Shaving Combined Heat and Power © 2013 Burns & McDonnell. All Rights Reserved.

2013 ADC DEFENSE COMMUNITIES NATIONAL SUMMIT | PAGE 6 6 Utility Interface Interconnection Requirements Vary with Utilities and Geographic Locations Interconnection Protection Interconnection Regulations and Market Participation Interconnection Agreement © 2013 Burns & McDonnell. All Rights Reserved.

2013 ADC DEFENSE COMMUNITIES NATIONAL SUMMIT | PAGE 7 7 Interconnection Protection  Protection Requirements Differ by Utility  IEEE 1547 Requirements  An Attempt to Standardize <10MVA  Primary and Secondary Interconnections  Islanding Protection  Direct Transferred Trip  Reverse Power 32 (Non-Export Applications) © 2013 Burns & McDonnell. All Rights Reserved.

2013 ADC DEFENSE COMMUNITIES NATIONAL SUMMIT | PAGE 8 8 Interconnection Protection Interconnection Protection Settings Driven by Utility and System - Reclosing  Transmission  Coordinate with Line Relays  Primary Distribution  Coordinate with Substation Feeder  Secondary Distribution  Coordinate with Transformer Protection © 2013 Burns & McDonnell. All Rights Reserved.

2013 ADC DEFENSE COMMUNITIES NATIONAL SUMMIT | PAGE 9 9 Interconnection Regulations System Minimum Load > Generator Output = Import System Minimum Load < Generator Output = Export  Exporting (Even on a Rare Occasion) Requires Market Participation  Additional Metering Requirements  Subject to Market Rules and Pricing  Location Dependent – Rules Vary © 2013 Burns & McDonnell. All Rights Reserved.

2013 ADC DEFENSE COMMUNITIES NATIONAL SUMMIT | PAGE Interconnection Agreement  System Studies  Feasibility  Impact  Facilities  Contractual Agreement with Utility  Distribution Provider  Transmission Provider  Independent System Operator (ISO) © 2013 Burns & McDonnell. All Rights Reserved.

2013 ADC DEFENSE COMMUNITIES NATIONAL SUMMIT | PAGE Generation Islanding  Planned Islanding  Deliberately Separate from Utility  Generator Capacity Must Exceed Load  Generators Operate in Frequency Control (Isochronous) Mode  Maintain 60Hz  Share Load if Multiple Generator Installation  Manual or Automated Initiation © 2013 Burns & McDonnell. All Rights Reserved.

2013 ADC DEFENSE COMMUNITIES NATIONAL SUMMIT | PAGE Generation Islanding  Unplanned Islanding  Generation Energizes a Portion of the Utility System Following a Utility Outage  Generation Must Automatically Separate  Separation Must Occur Before Utility Reclosing  Separate Entire System and Operate in Island Mode  Trip Utility Interface Breaker(s)  Separate Generator(s) Only  Trip Generator Breaker(s) © 2013 Burns & McDonnell. All Rights Reserved.

2013 ADC DEFENSE COMMUNITIES NATIONAL SUMMIT | PAGE Loading and Load Shedding  Islanding with Load > Generator Capacity Requires Load Shedding  Automated Load Shedding Required – Options:  Frequency Based  Shed Load Until 60Hz can be Maintained  Rate of Frequency Decline  Prioritized  Load/Capacity Based  Monitor Load and Online Generator Capacity  Shed Load to Below Online Generator Capacity © 2013 Burns & McDonnell. All Rights Reserved.

2013 ADC DEFENSE COMMUNITIES NATIONAL SUMMIT | PAGE DoD Microgrid Projects Military Missions growing more dependent on State-side Installations for Operations and Logistics Increasingly Fragile US Power Grid Increasing Cyber Threat Prolonged Outage Capabilities © 2013 Burns & McDonnell. All Rights Reserved.

2013 ADC DEFENSE COMMUNITIES NATIONAL SUMMIT | PAGE DoD Microgrid Projects © 2013 Burns & McDonnell. All Rights Reserved.

2013 ADC DEFENSE COMMUNITIES NATIONAL SUMMIT | PAGE SPIDERS Objectives Provide a Cyber-Secure Microgrid for Enhanced Mission Assurance  Increase Reliability of Backup Generation  Reduce Fossil Fuel Consumption of Generators  Integrate Renewable Generation in Islanded Mode  Cyber Secure Control System © 2013 Burns & McDonnell. All Rights Reserved.

2013 ADC DEFENSE COMMUNITIES NATIONAL SUMMIT | PAGE SPIDERS Considerations Minimize Changes to Existing Infrastructure  Maximize value through use of existing assets  Utilize existing infrastructure to increase reliability and maintainability of systems Minimize Disruption to Ongoing Operations  Critical Missions can’t afford lengthy construction and testing outages © 2013 Burns & McDonnell. All Rights Reserved.

2013 ADC DEFENSE COMMUNITIES NATIONAL SUMMIT | PAGE SPIDERS Approach  Decouple Generators from Loads  Integrate Isolated Controls Systems via Cyber Secure Distributed Controllers  Ensure System Can Operate without Renewable Resources © 2013 Burns & McDonnell. All Rights Reserved.

2013 ADC DEFENSE COMMUNITIES NATIONAL SUMMIT | PAGE SPIDERS Phase I Joint Base Pearl Harbor Hickam Approach and Results © 2013 Burns & McDonnell. All Rights Reserved.

2013 ADC DEFENSE COMMUNITIES NATIONAL SUMMIT | PAGE Site Orientation © 2013 Burns & McDonnell. All Rights Reserved. WWTP Renewable Island Mamala Substation

2013 ADC DEFENSE COMMUNITIES NATIONAL SUMMIT | PAGE JBPHH Microgrid Overview © 2013 Burns & McDonnell. All Rights Reserved kW generator (400 kW load) 800 kW generator (100 kW load) 150 kW PV Array 480V distribution

2013 ADC DEFENSE COMMUNITIES NATIONAL SUMMIT | PAGE SPIDERS Phase I System © 2013 Burns & McDonnell. All Rights Reserved. Mamala Substation Renewable Island Critical WWTP Loads Fort Kam 15kV Feeder 1600kW Generator 800kW Generator Microgrid Control System

2013 ADC DEFENSE COMMUNITIES NATIONAL SUMMIT | PAGE SPIDERS Phase I Results  Stable Operation of the Microgrid with PV and Diesel Power Sources in Parallel  High Penetration of Renewable Sources  Transmission of Generator Load Sharing Control Signals Over Long Distances  Creation of a Secure Control Network for a Microgrid © 2013 Burns & McDonnell. All Rights Reserved.

2013 ADC DEFENSE COMMUNITIES NATIONAL SUMMIT | PAGE SPIDERS Phase I Results  Fail-safe Control that Reverts to Traditional Backup Power Modes  Enhanced Generator Testing: Ability to Test Generators at any Load without Interrupting WWTP  30% Reduction in Diesel Fuel Consumption when in SPIDERS Mode © 2013 Burns & McDonnell. All Rights Reserved.

2013 ADC DEFENSE COMMUNITIES NATIONAL SUMMIT | PAGE Conclusions  Microgrids come in Many Configurations and Applications  Campus Distribution  Combined Heat and Power  Distributed Generation  Careful Planning and Design Required for Successful Interconnection © 2013 Burns & McDonnell. All Rights Reserved.

2013 ADC DEFENSE COMMUNITIES NATIONAL SUMMIT | PAGE SPIDERS Microgrid Conclusions  New Emergency Generator Installations should Consider “SPIDERS” Breakers  ATS should be Closed Transition Type  Sectionalizing Switches should be Capable of Adding Automation  High Speed Breakers should be Provided at Potential Microgrid Tie Points © 2013 Burns & McDonnell. All Rights Reserved.

2013 ADC DEFENSE COMMUNITIES NATIONAL SUMMIT | PAGE Questions?? Michael Dempsey P.E. Burns & McDonnell (817) © 2013 Burns & McDonnell. All Rights Reserved.