Introducing 380 cSt HVFO

Fuel Specifications

TEMPERATURE VISCOSITY DATA VISCOSITY,cSt   40 DEG C 728.00 50 DEG C 347.00 100 DEG C 34.00 110 DEG C 24.50 115 DEG C 21.10 120 DEG C 18.30 125 DEG C 16.10 130 DEG C 14.10 135 DEG C 12.40

Economics 380 cSt : Rs 15309.83/MT 180 cSt : Rs 15864.83/MT Gain = Rs 555/MT Specific Heat =0.450 Kcal/Kg deg C For Max 25 deg C =0.450X25X1000 860 X0.9 = 15 Units Loss = Rs 45/- per MT Net Gain =Rs 510 per MT

D G Set Type of Engine : 12V48/60 Engine Output/Capacity :11.81 MW Make :Man B&W,Germany RPM:500 No of Cylinders :12 Cylinder Bore :48 cm Stroke :60 cm

Tank Farm for D G Set MST : 850 KL( Out Going 55 deg C/Return Line 85 deg C),Water & Sludge drainage ?? Day Tank :100 KL (120 deg C,Steam heated) Electrical Heaters available More Heat may be generated from WHR Boiler

Tank Farm for Boilers MST :500 KL (60 deg C) Day Tank :10 KL (85 to 90 deg C) 12 KW Electrical heating

REFINERY Gas Reforming Visbreak. Hydrocr. Coking FCC Naphta Gasolines AD VD Reforming Visbreak. Hydrocr. Coking FCC DA Naphta Gasolines Kerosene Diesel oils Heavy fuels SR 1 2 3 Kero,Diesel Heavy fuels H2, no Heavy Fuels 4 Asphalts

FRACTIONS FROM 3 DIFFERENT CRUDES Viscosity,20°C % asphaltenes Gasoline (C5-80°) Heavy gasoline (80-160°) Kerosene (160-250°) Middle distillate (250-300°) Heavy distillate (300-400°) Residue (400 +) 35.8 5.8 4.09 9.05 12.58 14.12 7.51 50.42 10.2 0.93 5.56 12.02 15.5 17.19 8.72 38.71 ARABIAN HEAVY LIGHT NIGERIAN BONNY 11.2 0.08 5.06 15.0 9.32 25.2 44.6

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME CRUDE OILS Viscosity,20 °C,cSt Sulfur,% Vanadium, ppm Nickel, ppm Asphaltenes, % Conradson carbon,% Arabian light 9.2 1.8 15 5 0.7 5.1 heavy 40 2.8 30 10 2.7 Ekofisk 0.12 < 1 1.4 0.88 Nigeria 6.7 0.11 2 6 0.08 0.86 Basrah 57 3.58 54 22 8.3 Boscan 250000 5.2 1200 100 10.8 16.4 Ural 12.5 65 20

FCC VACUUM DISTILLATION UNIT VISBREAKER RESIDUE LCO FCC ATMOSPHERIC DISTILLATION UNIT CRUDE OIL HCO VACUUM DISTILLATION UNIT VISBREAKER RESIDUE

The making of 380 cSt Simple Refinery with Atmospheric Distillation Atmospheric Residue +Gasoil Fraction Complex Refinery with Catalytic Cracking & Visbreaking Visbroken Residue + HCO + LCO

An Insight into 380 cSt

IS : 1593 - 1982 SPECIFICATIONS FOR FUEL OILS Sr.No. Characteristics Method of test,Ref. to P: of IS:1448   Grade LV MV1 MV2 HV 1 Acidity,Inorganic, mgKOH/gm Nil P:2 2 Ash % by mass, max. 0.1 P:4 ( Method A ) 3 Gross calorific value Not limited but to be reported ( Note 1 ) P:6 for reference and P:7 for routine 4 Relative density at 15/15°C Not limited but to be reported ( Note 2 ) P:32 5 Flash point, PMCC, °C min. 66 P:21 6 Kinematic viscosity at 50°C,cSt P:25 Above - 80 125 180 Upto 370 7 Sediments,%by mass, max. 0.25 P:30 8 Sulphur,total,% by mass, max. ( Note 3 ) 3.5 4.5 P:33 for reference and P:35 for routine 9 Water content,%by vol., max. P:40 180 cSt 380 cSt Note 1-: Normally the gross calorific value is of the order of 10,000 cal/g. Note 2-: Fuel oil for marine uses in diesel engines shall not exceed a limit of 0.99 Note 3-: Recognizing the necessity for low-sulphur fuel oils in some specialized uses, a lower limit may be specified by mutual agreement between the purchaser and the supplier.

Viscosity 380 cSt VISCOSITY - DETERMINES INJECTION AND TRANSFER TEMPERATURES NEED TO IDENTIFY IF THERE IS A NEED FOR NEW INJECTION TEMPERATURE TYPE OF UTILITY ( FURNACE/BOILER/D.G) OPTIMIMU VISCOSITY AT BURNER

DECIDE THE INJECTION TEMPERATURES………… FUEL INJ VISC INJ VISC 13 CST 17 CST 120 100 91 160 112 104 170 115 107 180 119 109 200 121 111 220 123 113 240 125 116 260 128 118 280 129 119 300 130 120 320 131 121 340 132 122 360 133 123 380 134 124

THERE IS A NEED TO IDENTIFY TRANSFER TEMPERATURES IF ………………. Fuel Oil is cleaned with purifiers /Clarifiers Transfer temperature of 98 deg C Gravity Disc Flow rate -Automatically induced cleaning intervals ,review cleaning intervals

The regular tankers with PTO pump & (heating facility in winters)?? Transportation The regular tankers with PTO pump & (heating facility in winters)??

STORAGE Storage tank :380 cSt may be stored in the current FO tanks.The storage temperature should be above 10 deg C Settling tank :Heavy Fuel Cleaning operations starts with settling of the product in tank at elevated temperatures(Around 80 deg C).Longer the settling period & More Number of Settling tanks the better Removal of water & sludge from the settling tank prior to transfer

RESIDUE OR HEAVY FUEL OIL CHEMICAL COMPOSITION RESIDUE OR HEAVY FUEL OIL MALTENES ASPHALTENES "OIL" "RESINS" SATURATED AROMATIC

MODEL OF ASPHALTENE MOLECULE CH2 CH3 CH CH CH2 CH3 N CH2 CH3 CH3 O CH2 CH2 CH3 CH3 CH2 S CH2 CH3 CH2 CH CH2 S CH2 CH3 CH3 CH3

HEAVY FUEL OILS DISPERSED AND STABLE FLOCULATED Resins ensure seperation of heavy asphaltene molecules. Flocculated Asphaltene molecules tend to form sludge and settle at the bottom of the tank.

COMBUSTION MECHANISM Atomisation Vaporization Ignition Combustion Viscosity Distillate cuts Ignition C/H Ratio Combustion Distillate cuts Density Metals Conradson Carbon

Simple droplet combustion model EMISSIONS OF PARTICLES SOOT 0.02 m FUEL DROPLET CENOSPHERE 1 to 100 m UNBURNT PARTICLES FLAME FRONT LIGHT GASEOUS FRACTIONS SOLID ACCUMULATION

CARBON RESIDUE - HIGH VALUES MAY GIVE DEPOSIT PROBLEMS ALL OTHER PARAMETERS REMAIN IN THE NORMAL RANGE CARBON RESIDUE - HIGH VALUES MAY GIVE DEPOSIT PROBLEMS ASH - IF EXCESSIVE CAN GIVE FOULING DEPOSITS VANADIUM AND SODIUM - POTENTIAL HIGH TEMPERATURE CORROSION CAN BE MINIMISED BY TEMPERATURE CONTROL AND MATERIALS SELECTION ALUMINIUM AND SILICON - USUALLY PRESENT AS CATALYST FINES WHICH ARE ABRASIVE, CAN NORMALLY BE REDUCED TO AN ACCEPTABLE LEVEL BY A CENTRIFUGE SULPHUR-SULPHUR OXIDES & TBN OF OIL SEDIMENT & STABILITY - FUEL IS STABLE IF IT DOES NOT BREAK DOWN GIVING HEAVY SEDIMENT

TEST SIGNIFICANCE SPECIFIC ENERGY - NET VALUE FOR DIESEL AND GROSS VALUE FOR BOILERS, USUALLY CALCULATED FROM EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS IGNITION QULAITY - RELATES TO PART OF THE COMBUSTION PROCESS FOR RESIDUAL FUELS EMPIRICAL EQUATION FOR CCAI IS CCAI = d - 81-141 log log (VK + 0.85) d = DENSITY VK = VISCOSITY

SPECIFIC ENERGY Specific Energy (Gross) MJ/kg Qg = (52.190 - 8.802 p2 10-6) [1 - 0.01 (x+y+s)] + 9.420 (0.01s) Specific Energy (Net) MJ/kg Qn = (46.704 - 8.802p210-6 + 3.167p10-3) [1-0.01(x+y+s)] + 0.01 (9.420s - 2.449x) p = the density at 15 °C, kg/m³ x = the water content, % (m/m) y = the ash content, % (m/m) s = the sulphur content, % m/m

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