1. FUELS

2. REFINERY PROCESSES

3. TYPICAL PRODUCTS PRODUCT WT% GAS 0.1 LPG 1.0 NAPHTHA 9.7 ATF / KEROSENE 10.8 HSD24.3 PRODUCT WT% LDO 4.8 FUEL OILS17.8 ASPHALT 9.7 VACCUM DISTILLATES 18.5 FUEL & LOSSES 3.0

5. REFINERY FUELS PRODUCTS PROPANE LPG GASOLINE (NORMAL) GASOLINE (PREMIUM) LOW AROMATIC NAPHTHA HIGH AROMATIC NAPHTHA AVIATION TURBO FUEL DEFENCE / COMMERCIAL HIGH SPEED DIESEL LIGHT DIESEL OIL KEROSENE FUEL OIL (NORMAL) FUEL OIL (DEFENCE) LSHS

6. GASOLINE - SPECIFICATIONS WHERE ARE WE GOING ? LEAD BENZENE SULFUR VOLATILITY –VLI –E 70, E 100, E 180 –FBP –RESIDUE OXYGENATES GUM CONTENT OLEFINS DENSITY ANTI KNOCK INDEX ENGINE TESTS

7. DIESEL - SPECIFICATIONS WHERE ARE WE GOING ? AROMATICS POLY AROMATICS CARBON RESIDUE SULFUR WATER CONTENT OLEFINS VISCOSITY VOLATILITY (T 95) HEATING VALUE COMPONENT COMPATIBILITY STABILITY CETANE INDEX LUBRICITY OXIDATION STABILITY ENGINE / RIG TESTS

8. WHY BEING DONE TIGHTER EMISSION NORMS CHANGES IN ENGINE DESIGNS CHANGES IN METALLURGY OF THE ENGINE USE OF CAT CONVERTORS FUEL EFFICIENCY INCREASED POWER

9. ALL THIS HAS LED TO DECREASED FUEL STABILITY DECREASED COMPATIBILITY INCREASED OCTANE REQUIREMENTS POOR DRIVEABILITY AND DURABILITY EXTENDED REFINERIES AND TECHNOLOGY OF REFINING TO MAXIMUM

10. SOLUTION ? FUEL ADDITIVE “HP DIESEL PLUS” & “HP PETROL PLUS”

11. BENEFITS IMPROVED FUEL ECONOMY FUEL INJECTION CLEANLINESS IMPROVED FUEL STABILITY REDUCED EXHAUST EMISSIONS DISPERSANCY FOR INSOLUBLE GUM IMPROVED LUBRICITY CORROSION PROTECTION PREVENTION OF STABLE FUEL WATER EMULSIONS REDUCTION IN FOAM

12. DIESEL SPECS

13. * LOWER THAN LOWEST AMBIENT

14. HEAVY FUEL OIL SPECS

16. TEST PROCEDURES

19. TEST SIGNIFICANCE DENISTY - ESSENTIAL FOR QUNTITY CALCULATIONS, SETTING PURIFIER, INDICATES SPECIFIC ENERGY AND IGNITION QULAITY API GRAVITY ° = (141.5 / RELATIVE DENSITY @ 60 / 60°F) - 131.5 FLASH POINT - LEGAL REQUIREMENT POUR POINT - FUEL MUST BE MAINTAINED ABOVE POUR POINT

20. TEST SIGNIFICANCE CARBON RESIDUE - HIGH VALUES MAY GIVE DEPOSIT PROBLEMS ASH - IF EXCESSIVE CAN GIVE FOULING DEPOSITS WATER - CAN CAUSE SLUDGE AND COMBUSTION PROBLEMS VANADIUM AND SODIUM - POTENTIAL HIGH TEMPERATURE CORROSION CAN BE MINIMISED BY TEMPERATURE CONTROL AND MATERIALS SELECTION

21. TEST SIGNIFICANCE ALUMINIUM AND SILICON - USUALLY PRESENT AS CATALYST FINES WHICH ARE ABRASIVE, CAN NORMALLY BE REDUCED TO AN ACCEPTABLE LEVEL BY A CENTRIFUGE SULPHUR SEDIMENT & STABILITY - FUEL IS STABLE IF IT DOES NOT BREAK DOWN GIVING HEAVY SEDIMENT COMPATIBILITY - THE ABILITY OF TWO FUELS WHEN MIXED TO REMAIN STABLE

22. TEST SIGNIFICANCE SPECIFIC ENERGY - NET VALUE FOR DIESEL AND GROSS VALUE FOR BOILERS, USUALLY CALCULATED FROM EMPIRICAL EQUATIONS IGNITION QULAITY - RELATES TO PART OF THE COMBUSTION PROCESS –FOR RESIDUAL FUELS EMPIRICAL EQUATION FOR CCAI IS –CCAI = d - 81-141 log log (VK + 0.85) d = DENSITY VK = VISCOSITY

23. TEST SIGNIFICANCE VISCOSITY - DETERMINES INJECTION AND TRANSFER TEMPERATURES FUELINJ VISC INJ VISC 13 CST 17 CST 120 100 91 160 112 104 170 115 107 180 119 109 200 121 111 220 123 113

24. COMPARISON OF FUELS

26. CASE STUDY NAPHTHA DIESEL FUEL OIL

27. NAPHTHA

28. REACTIONS FOR BURNING CO + 1/2 O 2 =CO 2 H 2 + 1/2 O2=H 2 O C n H n+x + (n+1)/2O2=nCO 2 + yH 2 O EXCESS AIR NEEDED =(1.4+0.7+0.2)/2 = 1.15

29. SOOT CONTROL FAULTY INJECTORS –DEGREE OF ENRICHMENT –AIR REQUIREMENT –VOLUME OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS –FLAME TEMPERATURE –ATOMISATION / OVERFUELING RESTRICTED AIR INTAKE EXCESSIVE EXHAUST BACK PRESSURE INTAKE AIR HOT LEAKAGE OF AIR THRU GASKETS PREIGNITION WRONG FUEL

30. ADDITIVES FOR HEAVY FUEL OILS CRUDE OILS AND FUEL OILS HEAVY FUEL OILS COMBUSTION MECHANISM POTENTIAL PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS –ADDITIVE A & B

31. Viscosity,20°C % asphaltenes Gasoline (C5-80°) Heavy gasoline (80-160°) Kerosene (160-250°) Middle distillate (250-300°) Heavy distillate (300-400°) Residue (400 +) 35.8 5.8 4.09 9.05 12.58 14.12 7.51 50.42 10.2 0.93 5.56 12.02 15.5 17.19 8.72 38.71 ARABIAN HEAVY ARABIAN LIGHT NIGERIAN BONNY 11.2 0.08 5.06 15.0 9.32 25.2 44.6 FRACTIONS FROM 3 DIFFERENT CRUDES

32. CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME CRUDE OILS Viscosity,20 °C,cSt Sulfur,% Vanadium, ppm Nickel, ppm Asphaltenes, % Conradson carbon,% Arabian light 9.2 1.8 15 5 0.7 5.1 Arabian heavy 40 2.8 30 10 2.7 Ekofisk 10 0.12 < 1 1.4 0.88 Nigeria light 6.7 0.11 2 6 0.08 0.86 Basrah heavy 57 3.58 54 22 8.3 Boscan 250000 5.2 1200 100 10.8 16.4 Ural 12.5 1.8 65 20 2.7

33. G as AD VD Reforming Visbreak. Hydrocr. Coking FCC DA Naphta Gasolines Kerosene Diesel oils Heavy fuels SR 1 2 3 Gasolines Kero,Diesel Heavy fuels H2, no Heavy Fuels 4 Asphalts Heavy fuels REFINERY SCHEMES

34. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION RESIDUE OR HEAVY FUEL OIL ASPHALTENES MALTENES "OIL" "RESINS" SATURATED AROMATIC

35. MODEL OF ASPHALTENE MOLECULE S CH2 CH3 CH2 CH3 CH CH2 CH3 CH2 CH3 CH2 S S CH3 CH2 S CH CH2 CH3 CH2 CH3 CH CH2 CH3 CH2 CH3 N CH2 CH3 CH2 CH3 CH2 O S CH CH2 CH3 CH2 CH3

36. ASPHALTENES CHARACTERISTICS Polycondensed aromatic structures with few alkyl chains Contains hetero-atoms: S, N, O Contains metals: V, Ni, Na Not soluble in oil Size of the micellar unit: 8 - 20 A Cannot boil even under reduced pressure Molecular structure depends on crude oil origin

37. RESINS CHARACTERISTICS Chemical structure close to asphaltenes structure but: LONGER ALKYL CHAINS LESS CONDENSED RINGS MORE SOLUBLE IN OIL Molecular structure depends on crude oil origin Presence necessary to provide a good stability to the fuel

38. HEAVY FUEL OILS DISPERSED AND STABLE FLOCULATED Resins ensure seperation of heavy asphaltene molecules. Flocculated Asphaltene molecules tend to form sludge and settle at the bottom of the tank.

39. COMBUSTION MECHANISM Atomisation Vaporization Combustion Viscosity Distillate cuts Density Metals Conradson Carbon C/H Ratio Ignition

40. SOOT UNBURNT PARTICLES FLAME FRONT FUEL DROPLET CENOSPHERE EMISSIONS OF PARTICLES 0.02  m 1 to 100  m LIGHT GASEOUS FRACTIONS Simple droplet combustion model SOLID ACCUMULATION

41. CENOSPHERES

42. PARTICULATE EMISSIONS SOOT (Soot number from 0 to 9 Bacharach) –GAS PHASE COMBUSTION –OH* increases the rate of oxidation of soot precursors UNBURNT PARTICLES (mg/Nm 3 ) –HETEROGENEOUS COMBUSTION (CENOSPHERES) 2 H 2 OH 2 + 2 OH* Catalyst M CO + H 2 Catalyst M ’ Cenospheres + H 2 O v

43. POTENTIAL PROBLEMS STORAGE STABILITY AND COMPATIBILITY UNBURNT PARTICLES

44. STORAGE PROBLEMS –ASPHALTENES PRECIPITATION –CLOGGING OF FILTERS AND PIPES –SATURATION OF SEPARATORS –CLOGGING OF INJECTION SYSTEM ORIGIN –ASPHALTENES PRECIPITATION BLEND OF NON-COMPATIBLE FUELS STORAGE TEMPERATURE SOLUTION –ADDITIVES

45. ADDITIVE A Preventive action Curative action Fuel without additiveFuel with additive A

46. ADDITVE A DOSING RATE –1 LITRE FOR 2000 TO 5000 LITRES OF FUEL. IMPROVES HEAVY FUEL OIL STABILITY PREVENTS ASPHALTENE PRECIPITATION AVOIDS COMPATIBILITY PROBLEMS NON TOXIC PRODUCT NON TOXIC COMBUSTION PRODUCTS

47. UNBURNT PARTICLES PROBLEM –EMISSIONS OF UNBURNT PARTICLES –HEATING SURFACES FOULING –FREQUENT BOILER CLEANING –COST OF EMISSION LIMITATIONS ORIGIN –NEED OF COMBUSTION IMPROVER –VERY LOW METAL CONTENT SOLUTION –ADDITIVE B

48. EFFICIENCY OF ELF ADDITIVE B A B C FUEL 1 2 1 : + ELF AC 13 S (1/3000 l) 2 : + ELF AC 13 S (1/2000 l) Unburnt HC mg/th Excess of air % 400 300 200 100 1020 0

49. ADDITIVE B DOSING RATE: –1 LITRE FOR 2000 TO 4000 LITRES OF FUEL. REDUCES EMISSIONS OF UNBURNT PARTICLES –MORE THAN 50 % ALLOWS TO REDUCE EXCESS OF AIR. REDUCES FOULING ACHIEVES A MORE STABLE COMBUSTION YIELD. REDUCES DEPOSITS ON HEAT TRANSFERS. NON TOXIC PRODUCT NON TOXIC COMBUSTION PRODUCTS

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