Bones Review

What are the functions of bones?

Support – form the framework that supports the body and cradles soft organs Protection – provide a protective case for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs Movement – provide levers for muscles Mineral storage – reservoir for minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus Blood cell formation – hematopoiesis occurs within the marrow cavities of bones

What is the purpose of bone markings?

Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons Joint surfaces Conduits for blood vessels and nerves

What are the axial and appendicular skeleton?

Axial consists of the skull, vertebral column and the girdles attached to (pectoral and pelvic) them

What do the cranium bones provide?

protects the brain and is the site of attachment for head and neck muscles

What do the facial bones provide?

– Supply the framework of the face, the sense organs, and the teeth – Provide openings for the passage of air and food – Anchor the facial muscles of expression

What is the purpose of the hyoid bone?

Attachment of the tongue

Name two parts of the vertebral curvature that is convex.

Thoracic and pelvic

Name two parts of the vertebral curvature that is concave.

Cervical and lumbar

Which part of the vertebrae has five fused bones?

The sacrum

The over curvature of the thoracic vertebrae is called ______.

Kyphosis or hunchback

The over curvature of the lumbar vertebrae is called _________. Lordosis or swayback

The pads between vertebrae that take most of the impact of the body.

Intervertebral Discs

Make up the vertebral canal through which the spinal cord passes

Vertebral foramina

The first vertebrae is called the _________.

atlas

The atlas pivots with the ______.

axis

The sacrum used to be _______ individual vertebrae.

5

The last two pair of ribs that aren’t attached are called ______.

Floating ribs

What three bones forms the pectoral girdle?

Humerus, clavicle and scapula

Which bone is considered one of the weakest of the body?

clavicle

The head of the femur articulates with the __________.

acetabulum

The anterior articulation of the coxal bones forms the ____.

Symphysis pubis

Occur between the bones of the skull

sutures

Examples include the connection between the tibia and fibula, and the radius and ulna

Fibrous Structural Joints: Syndesmoses

The peg-in-socket fibrous joint between a tooth and its alveolar socket

gomphoses

Examples Include: – Epiphyseal plates of children – Joint between the costal cartilage of the first rib and the sternum

synchondroses

Examples include intervertebral joints and the pubic symphysis of the pelvis

symphysis

Examples – all limb joints, and most joints of the body

Synovial joints

flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes and containing synovial fluid

bursae

Examples: elbow and interphalangeal joints

Hinge joints

Examples are the knuckles

Condyloidal joints

Give an example of a saddle joint.

thumb

Give examples of ball and socket joints.

The hip and shoulder

Give examples of gliding joints

The carpals and tarsals

Give examples of the pivot joint

The atlas and axis The hip

What holds muscle to bone?

tendons

What holds bone to bone?

ligaments

Tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones

diaphysis

Expanded ends of long bones

epiphysis

double-layered protective membrane of bone

periosteum

weight-bearing, column-like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen

lamella

central channel containing blood vessels and nerves

Haversian Canals

channels lying at right angles to the central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the Haversian canal

Volkman’s Canals

small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes

lacunae

hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

canaliculi

Give examples of long bones

Humerus, femur, radius, ulna, tibia, fibula

Give examples of flat bones

Cranial, sternum

Give examples of irregular bones

Vertebrae, pelvic

Give examples of short bones

Tarsals, carpals

What part of the long bone contains the spongy bone?

epiphysis

What part of the long bone has the compact bone?

diaphysis

What are the differences between osteoclasts and osteoblasts?

Osteoclasts-destroy bone cells Osteoblasts-make bone cells