Dr Atef Masad PhD Biomedicine United Kingdom Medical Terminology Dr Atef Masad PhD Biomedicine United Kingdom

Goal of Course Communication between medical specialists and supporting staff requires knowledge of a consistent and reproducible vocabulary. It is important for students to realize that accurate spelling, pronunciation, and usage of medical terms is of extreme importance in the care of a patient. 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

2- Medical terminology for health professions Textbook: 1- An Introduction to Medical Terminology for Health Care BY Andrew R. Mutton THIRD EDITION. 2- Medical terminology for health professions Sixth Edition BY ANN EHRLICH and CAROL L. SCHROEDER 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Course Objectives At the end of the course, students will be able to: Identify and describe the major organ systems of the body. Describe the major diseases and disorders affecting each body system. Define word roots, combining forms, prefixes, and suffixes of medical terms.   4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Master pronunciation and spelling of common medical words. Define new and unfamiliar words by analyzing the elements of medical terminology. Master pronunciation and spelling of common medical words. Evaluate and interpret medical records and other forms of medical communication. 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Course Grading Policies: Midterm exam 30% Quizzes 10% Semester project 10% Final Examination 50% 100% 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Written exams will consist of multiple choice, true-false, and essay questions. A portion of the each exam will be dictated vocabulary where you will be required to furnish the correct spelling and/or definition of a word. 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Quizzes will consist of multiple choice and dictation questions Quizzes will consist of multiple choice and dictation questions. Quizzes will consist of questions taken from the previous week’s material. The final examination will be a cumulative exam featuring questions from the entire semester and semester projects.   4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Semester Project: One of the objectives of the course is to ascertain knowledge of diseases and disorders which affect the major body systems. The semester project will give the student an opportunity to study and learn about a particular disease state. The semester project will link the vocabulary you learn throughout the semester to real-life medicine. 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Components of the Project: A written paper describing the disease state. This paper should be no longer than 3 pages, typewritten, size 12 font. The written paper should include a bibliography in the standard format. 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

An oral presentation You will give a 10-15 minute presentation to the class about your selected disease/topic. You should stress how the disease presents, how it is diagnosed, what system and organs are affected, how it is treated, and a discussion about how the disease relates to this course. The presentation may be a poster board or PowerPoint type. 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Your presentation should include a one-page original handout about the disease. You should prepare this handout for each member of the class. The final exam will include questions taken from these handouts and presentations. 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

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Four Parts • Word Root – the word part that is the core of the word • Suffix – a word part attached to the end of the word root to modify its meaning • Prefix – a word part attached to the beginning of a word root to modify its meaning • Combining Vowel – a word part, usually an “O” 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Word Root • The word root is the word part that is the core of the word The word root usually refers to a body part. Some root words are derived from the Latin or Greek language. – player = play / er – arthritis = arthr / itis – hepatitis = hepat / itis 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

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Word Root Examples “dent” means tooth “dermat” means skin “cardi” means heart “gastr” means stomach “pancreat” means pancreas 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Suffix The suffix is a word part attached to the end of the word root to modify its meaning – player = play / er – hepatic = hepat / ic – hepatitis = hepat / itis 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Suffixes A suffix is a word element placed at the end of a word or word root that changes the meaning of the word. In the terms tonsill/itis, and tonsill/ectomy, the suffixes are -itis (inflammation) and -ectomy (excision, removal). Changing the suffix changes the meaning of the word. In medical terminology, a suffix usually indicates a procedure, condition, disease, or part of speech. Many suffixes are derived from Greek or Latin words 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

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Suffixes Denoting Incisions -centesis puncture arthrocentesis -ectomy excision, removal appendectomy -stomy forming an opening (mouth) colostomy -tome instrument to cut osteotome -tomy incision, cut into phlebotomy 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Suffixes Denoting Reconstructive Surgeries -desis binding, fixation (of a bone, joint) arthrodesis -pexy suspension, fixation (of an organ) mastopexy -rrhaphy suture myorrhaphy -plasty surgical repair rhinoplasty 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Suffixes Denoting Refractururing, Loosening, or Crushing -clasis break, fracture osteoclasis -lysis separation, destruction, loosening enterolysis -tripsy crushing lithotripsy 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Diagnostic, Symptomatic, and Related Suffixes -algia pain cephalalgia -dynia pain gastrodynia -cele hernia, swelling hepatocele -ectasis dilation, expansion bronchiectasis 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

-emesis vomiting hyperemesis -emia blood condition leukemia -gen or -genesis forming, producing, origin carcinogen or osteogenesis -gram record, a writing cardiogram -graph instrument cardiograph 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

-iasis abnormal condition cholelithiasis -itis inflammation gastritis -lith stone, calculus cholelith -logist specialist in the study of dermatologist -logy study of psychology 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

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-malacia softening osteomalacia -megaly enlargement hepatomegaly -meter instrument for recording thermometer -metry act of measuring pelvimetry -oid resembling lipoid 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

-osis abnormal condition, increase dermatosis -oma tumor adenoma -osis abnormal condition, increase dermatosis -para to bear (also a prefix) multipara -paresis partial paralysis hemaparesis -pathy disease neuropathy 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

-penia decrease, deficiency leukopenia -phagia eating, swallowing dysphagia -phasia speech aphasia -philia attraction to hemophilia -phobia fear claustrophobia 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

-plasia formation, growth hyperplasia -plegia paralysis, stroke hemiplegia -poiesis formation, production hemopoiesis -ptosis prolapse hysteroptosis -rrhage or -rrhagia bursting forth hemorrhage or menorrhagia 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

-rrhea discharge, flow diarrhea -rrhexis rupture angiorrhexis -scope instrument to view gastroscope -scopy visual examination gastroscopy -spasm involuntary contraction blepharospasm 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

-stasis standing still hemostasis -stenosis narrowing, stricture arteriostenosis -toxic poison thyrotoxic -trophy development, nourishment atrophy 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Prefixes A prefix is a word element attached to the beginning of a word or word root. Adding or changing a prefix changes the meaning of the word. The prefix usually indicates a number, time, position, or direction. Many of the same prefixes found in medical terminology are also found in the English language 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Examples – replay = re / play – subhepatic = sub / hepat / ic – intravenous = intra / ven / ous (within, vein, relating to 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

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Hypoinsulinemia Hypo / insulin / emia Notice that there is no combining vowel in this word because the prefix ends with a vowel and the suffix begins with a vowel. Prefix suffix Word root BLOOD LOW INSULIN 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Prefixes of Position Ante- antepartum, antecubital pre- preoperative pro- prootic epi epidermis, epidural, epinephrine 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Prefixes of Position hypo- hypodermic, hypoallergenic infra- infrapubic sub- subcutaneous, submarine inter- intercostal, internet medi- medial, median meso- mesoderm 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Prefixes of Position post- postnatal retro- retroperitoneal 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Prefixes of Number and Measurement Bi- bilateral dipl- diplopia diplo diplococci hemi- hemiplegia semi- semicircular hyper- hyperglycemia macro- large 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Prefixes of Number and Measurement Micro- microscope mono- mononuclear uni- unilateral multi- multipara 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Prefixes of Number and Measurement Poly- polyphobia, polymer primi- primigravida quadri- quadriplegia tri- triceps 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Prefixes of Negation A- asymptomatic an- anesthesia im- impotency in- insane, insensitive 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Prefixes of Direction Ab- abnormal ad- adduction, addition circum- circumoral, circumference peri- periosteitis, perimeter ec- ectopia ex- excise 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Prefixes of Direction Dia- diarrhea trans- transfusion ecto- ectoderm exo- exotropia extra- extraocular endo- endocardium intra- intradermal 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Prefixes of Direction Para- paranasal super- supersensitive supra- suprarenal anti- antibacterial contra- contraception brady- slow dys- dyspepsia 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Prefixes of Direction Eu- eupnea hetero- different homo- homosexual mal- malnutrition pan- panhysterectomy, panacea pseudo- pseudoplegia syn- synarthrosis, synthesis tachy- tachypnea 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Combining Vowel The combining vowel is a word part, usually an “o” and is used: – between word roots – between a word root & a suffix to ease pronunciation – thermometer = therm / o / meter – arthropathy = arthr / o / pathy 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

– The combining vowel is used to ease pronunciation; Oste / o / arthr / it is – The combining vowel is used to ease pronunciation; therefore, not all medical terms have combining vowels. 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Combining form A combining form is a word root with the combining vowel attached, separated by a vertical slash it is not a word part, rather it is the association of the word root and the combining vowel. To analyze a medical term divide it into word parts, label each word part, and label the combining forms. 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Combining Forms Combining forms consist of a combining vowel. The combining vowel is usually an “o”, but others may be used. IE: gastr / o pronounced GASTRO. Combining vowel Word root 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

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Guidelines Guideline # one – When connecting a word root and a suffix, a combining vowel is usually not used if the suffix begins with a vowel. Hepat / ic – When connecting two word roots, a combining vowel is usually used even if vowels are present at the junction. A word root cannot stand alone. A suffix must be added to complete the term. 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Word-Building System By understanding the meanings of word roots, one can determine the meaning of complex medical terms by putting together the smaller parts. 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Word Roots: Leuk / (white) cyt / (cell) Combining Vowel / o / Leukocytopenia Word Roots: Leuk / (white) cyt / (cell) Combining Vowel / o / Suffix: / penia (decrease) 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

This is to make pronunciation easier. Word root: scler / (hardening) A combining vowel is used between a word root and a suffix that begins with a consonant (not a vowel). This is to make pronunciation easier. Word root: scler / (hardening) Suffix: / derma (skin) Term: Scler / o / derma (hardening of the skin) 4/13/2017 Combining vowel Dr Atef Masad

Review A combining vowel IS used to link one root to another root, and before a suffix that begins with a consonant. A combining vowel IS NOT used before a suffix that begins with a vowel. 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Defining Medical Words Here are the three basic rules for defining medical words using the example term gastroenteritis. Rule #1 Define the suffix, or last part of the word. In this case, -itis, which means inflammation. Rule #2 Define the first part of the word (which may be a word root, combining form, or prefix). In this case, the combining form gastr/o means stomach. Rule #3 Define the middle parts of the word. In this case, enter/ means intestine. 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Defining Medical Words When you analyze gastroenteritis following the three previous rules, the meaning is revealed as: 1. inflammation (of) 2. stomach (and) 3. intestine Thus, the definition of gastroenteritis is “inflammation (of) stomach (and) intestine.” 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

Building Medical Words There are three basic rules for building medical words. Rule #1 A word root links a suffix that begins with a vowel. Rule #2 A combining form (root + o) links a suffix that begins with a consonant. Rule #3 Use a combining form to link a root to another root to form a compound word. 4/13/2017 Dr Atef Masad

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