Motivation and Emotion

Motivation Instinct Theory: we are motivated by our inborn automated behaviors. But instincts only explain why we do a small fraction of our behaviors.

Drive Reduction Theory Our behavior is motivated by BIOLOGICAL NEEDS. Wants to maintain homeostasis. When we are not, we have a need that creates a drive. Primary versus Secondary drives

Arousal Theory We are motivated to seek an optimum level of arousal. Yerkes-Dodson Law

Motivation of HUNGER

Biological Basis of Hunger Hunger does NOT come from our stomach. It comes from our… Brain What part of the brain? The Hypothalamus

Hypothalamus Lateral Hypothalamus When stimulated it makes you hungry. When lesioned (destroyed) you will never be hungry again. Ventromedial Hypothalamus When stimulated you feel full. When lesioned you will never feel full again.

Set Point Theory The hypothalamus acts like a thermostat. Wants to maintain a stable weight. Activate the lateral when you diet and activate the ventromedial when you start to gain weight. Leptin theory

Body Chemistry Glucose The hormone insulin converts glucose to fat. When glucose levels drop- hunger increases.

Psychological Aspects of Hunger Internals versus Externals The Garcia Effect

Culture and Hunger

Criadillas- bull testicles. Mice Wine Dog Fried Frog Legs

Sexual Motivation Sex is natural. Without sex, none of us would be here. How do scientists (or you) find out about sex? YOU ASK!!!!!!

Kinsey’s Studies Confidential interviews with 18,000 people (in early 1950’s). Sexual Behavior in the Human Male and Sexual Behavior in the Human Female Scale of sexuality….0 to 6 where 0 is exclusively heterosexual and 6 homosexual and 7 is asexual.

Masters and Johnson Study In the 1960’s William Masters and Virginia Johnson set out to explore the physiology of sex. 382 females and 312 males. After their research was done they ran an institute that claimed to turn gay people straight.

Mapped out the Sexual Response Cycle Excitement Phase Plateau Phase Orgasm Phase Resolution Phase (with refractory period).

Psychological Factors in Sexual Motivation Only some people are externals when it comes to hunger- but we are all externals when it comes to sex. Heiman 4 tape study. People can find sexually explicit images either pleasing or disturbing- but they are none the less biologically arousing.

We have discussed the energizing of sexual motivation but have yet to discuss its direction: Sexual Orientation An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own gender or the other gender.

How is Sexual Orientation Determined? There has been NO evidence that sexuality is socially determined. Kids raised by gay parents are no more likely to be gay that if they were raised by hetero parents. It is likely biologically determined.

The Brain Simon LeVay discovered that there is a cluster of cells in the hypothalamus that is larger in heterosexual men than in heterosexual women or homosexual men.

Prenatal Environment Current research seems to point to the hormonal levels in the prenatal environment. We have created homosexual male fruit flies and lesbian sheep!!!

Achievement Motivation What motivates us to work? (School, job, sports, video games, relationships etc..) Intrinsic Motivators Rewards we get internally, such as enjoyment or satisfaction. Extrinsic Motivators Reward that we get for accomplishments from outside ourselves (grades or money or etc..) Work great in the short run.

When Motives Conflict approach-approach conflict avoidance-avoidance conflict approach-avoidance conflict Multiple approach- avoidance conflicts (Pg. 536)

Emotion Willam James and Carl Lange came up with the James-Lange Theory of Emotion. We feel emotion because of biological changes caused by stress. The body changes and our mind recognizes the feeling.

Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion Say James-Lange theory is full of crap. How can that be true if similar physiological changes correspond with drastically different emotional states. The physiological change and cognitive awareness must occur simultaneously. They believed it was the thalamus that helped this happen.

Two-Factor Theory of Emotion Stanley Schachter explains emotions more completely that the other two theories. They happen at the same time but… People who are already physiologically aroused experience more intense emotions than unaroused people when both groups are exposed to the same stimuli. Biology and Cognition interact with each other to increase the experience.

Stress Social readjustment rating scale (SRRS) Life Changing Units (LCUs)- marriage, change job, etc… The more LCUs you have the higher your score is on the SRRS. Those who score higher are more likely to have stress related disease. (Pg )

Responses to Stress Coping Learned helplessness Aggression Indulgence Defense mechanisms

Locus of Control Internal The belief that events in one’s life, whether good or bad, are caused by controllable factors such as one’s attitude, preparation, and effort. Example: When the boy failed a test, he acknowledged that he hadn’t studied enough and didn’t understand a few of its key questions. He resolved to meet with his teacher for advice on ways to improve next time.

Locus of Control The belief that events in one’s life, whether good or bad, are caused by uncontrollable factors such as the environment, other people, or a higher power. Example: Whenever he fails a test, the boy always has an excuse ready: the room was too hot, he wasn’t feeling well, the test was unfair. He never seems to feel culpable, even if he simply hasn’t studied enough.

Seyle’s General Adaptation Syndrome Describes our response to a stressful event. Three stages 1.Alarm 2.Resistance 3.Exhaustion (Pg. 542–543)