War and the Modern Presidency Miller Center of Public Affairs University of Virginia Charlottesville, VA December 7, 2006 Prof. Marc Selverstone Miller Center of Public Affairs University of Virginia “The Virginia Experiment:” Growing Seeds of Democracy in Four Hundred Years of American History

President Franklin D. Roosevelt October 8, 1940

Source: Geena Davis

George Washington Source:

President Harry S. Truman Source:

Presidential Roles Chief Economist Chief Diplomat Legislative Leader Party Leader Chief Executive Chief of State Commander in Chief

LBJ Diary August 4, 1964 Lyndon Johnson Daily Diary

AmericanPresident.org

I. Historical Background

The Constitution of the United States of America “The President shall be Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the Militia of the several States...” Article II, Section 2 Article I, Section 8 “The Congress shall have the Power To... provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States... To Declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water; “To raise and support Armies...” “To provide and maintain a Navy... “To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces; “To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, surpress Insurrections and repel Invasions...”

The Constitutional Convention Source:

Landing at Vera Cruz

Congressional Declarations of War England, 1812 Mexico, 1846 Spain, 1898 Germany, 1917 Japan, 1941

II. The Modern Wartime Presidency

President Woodrow Wilson

SOL 9 – The U.S.Enters World Affairs

III. President Franklin D. Roosevelt

FDR Wartime Regulatory Agencies Office of Emergency Management Board of Economic Warfare National War Labor Board Office of Defense Transportation War Production Board

Ja nu ary 1, 19 39

Presidential Roles Chief Economist Chief Diplomat Legislative Leader Party Leader Chief Executive Chief of State Commander in Chief

Relevant Themes Role of the President as Commander in Chief Relationship Between Foreign and Domestic Policy Domestic Political Context of Foreign Policymaking Relationship Between Intelligence and Policymaking Challenge of Managing the Press Sheer Complexity of the Presidential Office

WhiteHouseTapes.org

President Franklin D. Roosevelt October 25, 1940

President Franklin D. Roosevelt September 27, 1940

Source: Executive Order 9981, July 26, 1948

The Cold War

Korea,

IV. President Harry S. Truman

Postwar Presidential Deployments Kennedy, Johnson, and Nixon in Vietnam Ford in Cambodia Reagan in Lebanon, Libya, and Grenada Bush 41 in Panama and Somalia Clinton in Somalia, Iraq, Afghanistan, and Sudan, Bosnia, and Kosovo

V. President Dwight D. Eisenhower

VI. President John F. Kennedy

October 27, 1962 The Executive Committee of the National Security Council

The White House, October 2, 1963 Sec. Def. Robert McNamara, CJCS Maxwell Taylor, and President John F. Kennedy

The White House, October 29, 1963 Atty. Gen. Robert F. Kennedy and President John F. Kennedy Source:

The White House, November 4, 1963 President John F. Kennedy, Caroline Kennedy, and John F. Kennedy Jr. Source:

Source: VII. President Lyndon B. Johnson

Source: President Lyndon B. Johnson January 31, 1964

Andrew Goodman, James Chaney, Michael Schwerner

August 3-6, 1964 Source: U.S.S. Maddox

President Lyndon B. Johnson and Robert S. McNamara The White House, July 2, 1965

The White House, July 7, 1965 Source: Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and President Lyndon B. Johnson

Source: VIII. President Richard M. Nixon

December 21, 1970 Source: President Richard Nixon and H.R. (Bob) Haldeman

August 3, 1972 Source: President Richard M. Nixon and Henry A. Kissinger