BIOMASS ENERGY

OVERVIEW  Biomass is a renewable energy source that is derived from living or recently living organisms  Biomass includes biological material

OVERVIEW Biomass Sources

The amounts of solid waste in Gaza Strip Annual increase of 48 ton/day OVERVIEW

Types of waste to energy processes  Incineration (Combustion)  Gasification  Pyrolization  Anaerobic digestion  Landfill gas (LFG) recovery OVERVIEW اضافة صورة لكل نوع

1. Incineration of MSW

Assumptions  The composition and amounts of MSW in Gaza Strip were obtained  Gaza Strip were divided into two main incineration stations  The energy content (kWh/kg) of the main combustible components were obtained 1.1 Material & Methods

The calculations were based on: W x = P x ×W T E= ∑W x × E x E T =0.3×0.3×E W x : the weight of the combustible component (ton/day) E: the energy from the combustible fraction, (MWh/day) E T : the actual total energy generated 1.1 Material & Methods

1.2 Results Daily generated energy from the two stations in Gaza Strip

1.3 Cost Estimation The maintenance cost : 4-6% of the investment cost Interest rate: 6% Useful life: 20 years The maintenance cost : 4-6% of the investment cost Interest rate: 6% Useful life: 20 years Company Capacity (ton/h) Energy (MWh) Capital cost (US$) Production Cost (US$/kWh) Santes million0.05 Winderickx million0.19

 After waste placement in a landfill, a portion of organic waste decomposes by microorganisms  Landfill gas is produced under anaerobic conditions and is comprised of approximately 50% CH 4, 50% CO 2, and trace amounts of nonmethane organic compounds (NMOC) 2. Landfill Gas (LFG) Recovery

 A projection of the LFG generation using LandGem model was done for the Johr El Deek, Deir El Balah and Al Fukhari landfills  The model input parameters are: 2.1 Material & Methods Parameters Jahr El Deek landfill Deir El Balah Landfill Al Fukhari landfill Landfill open year Landfill closure year Methane generation rate constant (k) (Year -1 ) 0.04 Methane generation potential (Lo) (m 3 /Mg) 100 Methane content (% By Volume) 50

2.1 Material & Methods Power Generation EE (kWh) = V LFG ×LHV LFG ×R×h EE: Electric energy (kW) V LFG : LFG flow rate (m 3 /h) LHV LFG : Lower heating value of LFG (kWh/m 3 ) R: Recovery rate h: Engine electric energy conversion efficiency LHV Biogas: 6.1 kWh/m 3 LHV Methane: 10 kWh/m 3

Johr El Deek Landfill Deir El Balah Landfill Rafah Landfill 2.2 Results

Johr El Deek Landfill Deir El Balah Landfill Rafah Landfill 2.2 Results

Cost of LFG energy recovery for the three landfills Landfill NameJohr El DeekDeir El BalahRafah Gas collection cost (US$) 2,882,800834,7004,472,550 Initial cost of engine (US$) 22,600,0005,030,000 Annual O&M cost (US$)1,629,360329,376 Energy production cost ($/kWh) Cost Estimation

3. Anaerobic Digester The plant is composed of three sub-plants: 1. Pretreatments 2. Anaerobic digestion with biogas production 3. Steam boiler to process refuse derived fuel and produce energy

The employment and energy generated from each plant Plant NameJohr El DeekDier El BalahRafah Manpower employed: Blue Collar workers Supervisors 222 Total electrical energy produced from Biogas (MWh/year) 49,90021,40011,150 Total electrical energy produced from Steam Turbine (MWh/year) 299,10081,80028,597 Electrical energy used to run the plant (MWh/year) 36,30015,0005,320 Thermal energy produced From Cogenerator (hot water 85°) (MWh/year) 50,00023,00011,200

Plant NameJohr El DeekDier El BalahRafah Costs/IncomeCostIncomeCostIncomeCostIncome Manpower375,618238,464204,176 O & M9,983,7484,064,4222,175,420 Administration, general expenses, insurance, 204,585136,390 Electric Energy consumed to run the plant 5,455,6002,045,850725,595 Landfill disposal (remaining waste) 880,643190,94690,607 Electric power generated And sold to grid 38,052,81014,068,6285,421,093 Income from waste treatment tariff 13,018,1053,031,7452,533,965 Income from metals & materials sale 1,391,1781,363,9001,112,942 Total costs/income16,900,19452,462,0936,676,07218,464,2743,332,1889,068,001 Result before interest & depreciation 35,561,89911,788,2015,735,813 Total investment317 Million143 Million63 Million Energy production cost (/kWh)

Conclusion  Biomass is one of the renewable sources capable of making a large contribution to the future energy supply for Gaza Strip  The results show that the most potential waste to energy technologies are incineration, anaerobic digestion and LFG recovery, respectively  All these technologies could cover the deficit in the electrical sector in Gaza Strip