1. UNESCO Desire – Net project Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells: an opportunity for decentralized generation an opportunity for decentralized generation Angelo Moreno, Viviana Cigolotti ENEA – Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Project moreno@casaccia.enea.itviviana.cigolotti@casaccia.enea.itUNESCO Rome, 16 th April 2007 PART B

2. Primary energy demand MBDOE: Million of Barrels per Day; 1MBDOE = 50 Million ton/year By AreaBy SourceBy Sector Source: Exxon Mobil

3. Hubbert peak theory Hubbert's peak can refer to the peaking of production of a particular area

4. MAIN PROBLEMS Increasing energy demand Increasing energy demand Limited reserves of fuels Limited reserves of fuels Increasing costs Increasing costs Supply vulnerability Supply vulnerability POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS Diversify the energy mixDiversify the energy mix Improve the efficiency in energy useImprove the efficiency in energy use Increase the RES use and improve the related technologies:Increase the RES use and improve the related technologies: Valorization of BIOMASS – WASTE RESIDUE could contribute to Problem Solving

5. BIOMASS RESOURCES BIOMASS is any organic substance of recent biological origin, in a non fossil form, which derives from photosynthesis; it’s a renewable raw material that can be utilised to produce energy. RESIDUES is any material remaining after the desired portions of the plant have been removed. If all organic residues were converted into energy, the resulting output would fulfil a good percentage of a country total energy demand. Source: Biomass: Green Energy for Europe - EC

6. Considerations about BIOMASS Population increase World population, 1950-2050 Desire-Net Lesson: Fuel Cell, 8 June 2006 – Angelo Moreno ENEA

7. Change in World Food Consumption Source: N.Yates - Vision for Biomass Production (March 2007) – Rothamsted Research

8. Further increase in Land requirements Source: N.Yates - Vision for Biomass Production (March 2007) – Rothamsted Research MEAT: Based on Land requirements for Beef production 20,9 m 2 /kg CEREAL: Based on Land requirements for Flour production 1,6 m 2 /kg

9. Energy Transformations Conversion from low energy density solid raw material to higher energy density liquid or gas characterised by more flexibility and ease of use Desire-Net Lesson: Renewable Sources and Innovative Energetic Cycles – Claudia Bassano

10. Which process for what biomass Must be taken into consideration the Carbon & Nitrogen content (ratio C/N) and the moisture content of the raw organic materials. Desire-Net Lesson: Renewable Sources and Innovative Energetic Cycles– Emanuele Scoditti ENEA

11. BIOLOGICAL PROCESS BIOGAS Animal manure Sewage sludge Agricultural residue Agro-industrial residue Organic fraction of municipal solid waste Industrial product, chemical, starch, pharmaceutical THERMOCHEMICAL PROCESS SYNGAS Municipal solid waste Forest Residue Residue from wood product and pulp and paper industry BIOLOGICAL PROCESS LANDFILL GAS Municipal solid waste Organic waste WASTE TO ENERGY CHAIN SOURCES

12. MSW Treatment and Conversion Source: Biomass: Green Energy for Europe - EC

13. HEAT Possible applications with MCFC WASTE RESIDUE GASIFICATION CLEAN-UP GAS MCFCSyngas H 2, CH 4, CO ELECTRICITY

14. Possible applications with MCFC ELECTRICITY ANIMAL MANURE AGRICULTURAL RESIDUE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION CLEAN-UP GAS MCFCBiogas CH 4, CO 2 HEAT

15. CASE STUDY: Cameroon SituationCentre West of Africa Population16.380.005 Urbanisation48% Density34 hbt/km 2 Area475.442 km 2 Per capita Energy Consumption 1.400 kWh/capita.year

16. Electricity production 2005 Hydro: 96,6% Fossil 3,4% Total electricity produced: 2,99 TWh/y Installed Capacity: 0,9 GW Total electricity consumption: 2,78 TWh/y Electricity Consumption per Capita: 161 kWh/capita 26% Covered Electricity Demand (average for African countries)

17. ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF MANURE 5,4 millions of cows 83% North of Cameroon (4,55 millions) [North, Extreme North, Adamaoua] 20% are sedentary COWS – CAMEROON (2003) Tot North4.550.000 Sedentary20% Cows considered910.000

18. Energy Potential of Biomass 1 LSU = 0.6 - 1.2 milking cow approx. 1.3 m³ Biogas/LSU, day LHV = approx. 6.0 kWh/Nm³ 1 LSU = 2 - 6 pigs approx. 1.5 m³ Biogas/LSU, day LHV = approx. 6.0 kWh/Nm³ 1 LSU = 250 - 320 layers approx. 2 m³ Biogas/LSU, day LHV = approx. 6.5 kWh/Nm³ 1 Live Stock Unit (LSU) = 500 kg live weight respectively

19. Live weight [kg] Manure [kg/cow. day] Biogas Production [m 3 /cow. day] 100-30010--16 [13]0,10,3 300-50018--25 [21,5]0,30,9 500-70035--55 [45]0,51,5 Specific Production Range: 3 - 7 Cows for 1 kW

20. Potentiality 1800 mil5,97300 milMax: 0,9 600 mil LHV Biogas [60% CH 4 ] 100 milMin: 0,3 9,97 kWh/yLHV CH4 m 3 /y[m 3 /cow. day] Energy content LHV [kWh/Nm 3 ] Biogas

21. Cogeneration TechnologiesICEGTMCFC Electrical efficiency 33%24%50% Thermal efficiency 30%48%40% Operating hours 7.0087.884

22. RESULTS

23. MCFC is an innovative solution for distributed generation and for energy independence in rural economy Cameroon: 26% Covered Electricity Demand It could be possible to cover: 3 % – 8 % of Electricity Demand

24. CASE STUDY: Madagascar SituationSouth East of Africa Population18.595.469 Urbanisation26% Density32 hbt/km 2 Area587.041 km² Per capita Energy Consumption 622,54 kWh/capita.year

25. Electricity production 2005 Hydro: 66% Fossil 34% Total electricity produced: 0,83 TWh/y Installed Capacity: 0,29 GW Total electricity consumption: 0,77 TWh/y Electricity Consumption per Capita: 42 kWh/capita 26% Covered Electricity Demand (average for African countries)

26. ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF ORGANIC WASTE Ambanja: 30.000 inhabitants Market Waste: 80% organic fraction Waste Production: 1,1 kg/inh.day AMBANJA Organic Fraction from waste 26.400 kg/d

27. ANAEROBIC DIGESTION OF ORGANIC WASTE AMBANJA Organic Fraction from waste 26.400 kg/d Total Volatile Solid1.750 kg/d Biogas Production 0,45 m 3 /kg TVS Biogas789 m 3 /d LHV Biogas [60% CH4] 5,97 kWh/Nm 3

28. Cogeneration TechnologiesICEGTMCFC Electrical efficiency 33%24%50% Thermal efficiency 30%48%40% Operating hours 7.0087.884

29. RESULTS

30. MCFC is an innovative solution for distributed generation and for energy independence in rural economy Madagascar: 26% Covered Electricity Demand It could be possible to cover: About 16 % of Electricity Demand

31. with Green CertificatesICEGTMCFC NPV [mil €]32,74,7 PBT [y]455 without Green CertificatesICEGTMCFC NPV [mil €]1,11,41,8 PBT [y]10911 ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS referred to Europe 2.000 cows Investment cost Net Present Value (life plant: 20 years) Pay Back Time AD +ICE1,13 AD + GT1,14mil € AD + MCFC2,08

32. ECONOMICAL ANALYSIS referred to Europe 2.000 cows Cost of electrical power €/kWh €/kWh 0,093 0,123 0,090,093 0,123 0,093 0,123 0,071 0,053

33. CONCLUSION MCFC characterized by high efficiency and fuel flexibility, provided that clean-up problems are solvedMCFC characterized by high efficiency and fuel flexibility, provided that clean-up problems are solved MCFC: innovative solution for distributed generation and for energy independence in rural economy, provided that market target will be achievedMCFC: innovative solution for distributed generation and for energy independence in rural economy, provided that market target will be achieved MCFC system cost between 3.000 and 1.500 €/kW

34. Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells: an opportunity for decentralized generation an opportunity for decentralized generation THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION moreno@casaccia.enea.itviviana.cigolotti@casaccia.enea.it