1 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 Consciousness process by which the brain creates a model of internal and external experience all the sensations, perceptions, memories, and feelings you are aware of at any any instant

2 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 Core Concept 3-1 Consciousness can take may forms, while other mental processes occur simultaneously outside our awareness.

3 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 Consciousness focuses sequentially, first on one thing and then another not good at “multitasking”

4 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 Structure of Consciousness

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6 Levels of Consciousness Preconscious--information not currently in consciousness but can be recalled to consciousness voluntarily or after something calls attention to it. Unconscious--mental processes that occur outside awareness.

7 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 Functions of Consciousness Restriction--limits attention to keep brain from being overwhelmed, allows for concentration. Combination--creates a meaningful picture from combining our internal and external worlds. Manipulation--allows us to think about and plan by manipulating our mental world-- allows for past, present,and future.

8 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 Core Concept 3-2 Consciousness changes in cycles that correspond to our biological rhythms and to the patterns of stimulation in the environment.

9 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 Daydreaming

10 Daydreaming Mild form of altered consciousness in which attention shifts away from immediate experience. Normal for all ages--especially young adults. Can help make plans and solve problems or may contain persistent unwelcome material. Not as vivid as night dreams.

11 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 Sleep

12 Circadian Rhythms Physiological patterns that repeat approximately every 24 hours. A “biological clock” that influences metabolism, heart rate, body temperature, and hormone activity. Sleep-wakefulness pattern is a circadian rhythm and is influenced by light-dark cycle of day-night.

13 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 Jet Lag Flying across several time zones disrupts circadian cycle resulting in fatigue and temporary cognitive deficits.

14 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 Sleep Different stages marked by changes in brain waves measured by EEG. REM sleep--rapid eye movements Non-REM sleep--deeper stages of sleep.

15 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 REM Sleep REMs occur under closed eye lids. Occur about every 90 minutes. Last several minutes. Associated with dreaming. Sleep paralysis occurs--unable to move any voluntary muscles

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17 Sleep Cycle A repeating 90-minute cycle of changes in brain waves (4-6 times per night) Slower brain waves in deep sleep Deepest sleep during the beginning of the night Increase in REM sleep during the night

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19 Stages of Sleep

20 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 The Function of Sleep To conserve energy To restore body (neurotransmitters, neuron sensitivity) To flush out useless information from the brain

21 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 How much sleep do we need? Varies depending on personal characteristics and habits. Typically 7 to 8 hours for young adults. Sleep Debt--a deficiency caused by not getting enough sleep--decreases mental alertness and efficiency.

22 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 The Need for Sleep Over the years, the need for REM sleep decreases considerably, while the need for NREM sleep diminishes less sharply

23 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 Dreams Freud’s Theory Dreams have meaning. “royal road to the unconscious” Popular theory despite lack of scientific support Manifest content--the story line of a dream Latent content--the symbolic meaning of objects and events in a dream.

24 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 Meaning of Dreams Manifest content--the story line of a dream Latent content--the symbolic meaning of objects and events in a dream.

25 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 Dreams and Recent Experience Research shows dreams related to daily experience. Content changes during the night-- like a rumor passed from one person to another.

26 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 Activation-Synthesis Theory of Dreams Dreams begin with random electrical activity from the brain. Cortex of the brain tries to make sense out of the random electrical activity.

27 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 Sleep Disorders Insomnia Sleep Apnea Night Terrors and sleepwalking Narcolepsy

28 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 Core Concept 3-3 An altered state of consciousness occurs when some aspect of normal consciousness is modified by mental, behavioral, or chemical means.

29 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 Hypnosis Induced state of altered awareness, characterized by heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, and highly focused attention.

30 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 Practical Uses of Hypnosis Research--can induce temporary mental conditions. Treatment--relaxation for stress or to reduce fears. Pain Management--can reduce pain or even as an analgesia.

31 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 Meditation State of consciousness induced by focusing on a repetitive behavior, assuming certain body positions, and minimizing external stimulation Produces relaxation

32 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 Psychoactive Drug States Psychoactive drugs – Chemicals that affect mental processes and behavior by their effects on the nervous system Hallucinogens StimulantsDepressants Opiates

33 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 Alter perceptions of the external environment and inner awareness (also called psychedelics) Mescaline LSD PCP Cannabis Hallucinogens

34 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 Highly addictive; produce a sense of well-being and relieves pain Morphine Heroin Codeine Opiates

35 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 Slow down mental and physical activity by inhibiting nerve impulses in CNS Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Alcohol Depressants

36 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003 Arouse the CNS, speeding up mental and physical responses Amphetamines Cocaine Caffeine Nicotine Stimulants

37 Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2003