Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants Section 1: Introduction to Plant Reproduction Section 2: Flowers Section 3: Flowering Plants

Vegetative Reproduction Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction Vegetative Reproduction The plants that result from vegetative reproduction are clones of the original plant because their genetic makeups are identical to the original plant. Strawberry plant

Advantages of Vegetative Reproduction Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction Advantages of Vegetative Reproduction It is faster to grow new plants than from a spore or a seed. The resultant plants are more uniform in their characteristics. The only way to produce some fruits that do not produce seeds

Natural Vegetative Reproduction Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction Natural Vegetative Reproduction When conditions are dry, some mosses dry out, break apart, and are scattered by the wind. When conditions improve, some of these pieces are able to resume growth in a new location. Moss

Humans Use Vegetative Reproduction Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction Humans Use Vegetative Reproduction Farmers, horticulturists, and scientists can use buds, leaves, stems, or root pieces from certain plants to grow new plants. A few cells of plant tissue can be placed on nutrient agar in sterile conditions to produce hundreds of identical plants.

Alternation of Generations Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction Alternation of Generations The life cycle of most plants includes a diploid (2n) sporophyte stage and a haploid (n) gametophyte stage.

The gametophyte stage produces gametes—egg and sperm. Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction The gametophyte stage produces gametes—egg and sperm. In nonvascular plants, the sperm must have a small amount of water to get to the egg.

Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction In vascular plants, the sperm may be carried by the wind, or another vector such as an insect. Fertilization of the egg by the sperm forms a cell that is the first cell of the sporophyte stage.

Moss Reproduction and Life Cycle Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction Moss Reproduction and Life Cycle The life cycle of the mosses begins with the dominant stage, the gametophyte.

There are both male and female forms of the gametophyte. Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction There are both male and female forms of the gametophyte. Eggs are produced in the female structure, called the archegonium. Sperm are produced in the male structure, called the antheridium.

Sperm require water to swim to the egg. Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction Sperm require water to swim to the egg. The chemical that allows sperm to find the egg is chemotaxis.

Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction The mature sporophyte consists of a stalk that grows in the gametophyte stage.

Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction At the tip of the stalk is a capsule where up to 50 million spores may form by meiosis. The spores produce a protonema that can develop into the gametophyte plant and start a new cycle.

Fern Reproduction and Life Cycle Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction Fern Reproduction and Life Cycle Another life cycle that has alternation of generations and produces spores is that of the fern.

Spores are produced from the sori, on the underside of a frond. Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction Spores are produced from the sori, on the underside of a frond. If a fern spore lands on damp, rich soil, it can grow and form a tiny, heart-shaped gametophyte called a prothallus.

Fertilization produces a sporophyte that grows from the prothallus. Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction Fertilization produces a sporophyte that grows from the prothallus. The young sporophyte develops into a frond to start the cycle over again.

Conifer Reproduction and Life Cycle Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction Conifer Reproduction and Life Cycle Conifers are heterosporus—they produce two types of spores that develop into male and female groups.

At the base of each scale on a female cone are two ovules. Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction Female Cones At the base of each scale on a female cone are two ovules. Each ovule has a megasporangium that produces megaspores. One of the megaspores develops into the female gametophyte.

Each scale on the male cone contains hundreds of sporangia. Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction Male Cones Each scale on the male cone contains hundreds of sporangia. The sporangia produce microspores, which produce the male gametophyte, or pollen grain.

Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction Pollination Pollination occurs when the pollen grain from one species of a plant lands on the female reproductive structure of a plant of the same species. The pollen grain is trapped in a sticky substance called the pollen drop which is located near the micropyle.

Seed development within the cone may take as long as three years. Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.1 Introduction to Plant Reproduction Seed Development Seed development within the cone may take as long as three years. The seed embryo will use the cotyledons for photosynthesis upon sprouting.

Flowers are the reproductive structures of anthophytes. Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.2 Flowers Flower Organs Flowers are the reproductive structures of anthophytes.

Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.2 Flowers Flowers have several organs that provide protection or support, or are involved in the reproductive process. There are basically four structures—sepals, petals, stamen, and pistils.

Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants

Sepals may be green and look like leaves and petals. Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.2 Flowers Sepals may be green and look like leaves and petals. Petals attract animal pollinators and provide a landing pad. Sepals and petals open and close to protect the reproductive parts of the flower.

Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.2 Flowers Most flowers have several stamen—the male reproductive organ—surrounding the central part of the flower. The filament stalk supports the anther, which contains the pollen grains.

Structural differences Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.2 Flowers Flower Adaptations Structural differences Flowers that have sepals, petals, stamens, and one or more pistils are called complete flowers. If a flower is missing one or more of these organs, it is an incomplete flower.

Flowers that have both stamens and pistils are called perfect flowers. Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.2 Flowers Flowers that have both stamens and pistils are called perfect flowers. An imperfect flower has either functional stamens or pistils.

Monocots generally have multiples of three. Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.2 Flowers The number of flower organs distinguishes dicots and eudicots from monocots. Monocots generally have multiples of three. When the petal number is a multiple of four or five, the plant is either a dicot or a eudicot. The number of other organs often is the same multiple of three, four, or five.

Pollination Mechanisms Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.2 Flowers Pollination Mechanisms Flower adaptations that relate to pollination include flower size, shape, color, and petal arrangements. Animal pollination Visualizing Pollination Wind pollination Self pollination

Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.2 Flowers Photoperiodism The flowering response to the number of hours of uninterrupted darkness is known as photoperiodism. Flowering plants are divided into four different groups based on the critical period.

Short-day Photoperiodism Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.2 Flowers Short-day Photoperiodism A short-day plant flowers when exposed daily to a number of hours of darkness that is greater than its critical period.

Long-day Photoperiodism Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.2 Flowers Long-day Photoperiodism A long-day plant flowers when the number of hours of darkness is less than its critical period.

Intermediate-day Photoperiodism Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.2 Flowers Intermediate-day Photoperiodism An intermediate-day plant flowers as long as the number of hours of darkness is neither too great or too few.

Day-neutral Photoperiodism Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.2 Flowers Day-neutral Photoperiodism A day-neutral plant flowers over a range in the number of hours of darkness.

Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.3 Flowering Plants Life Cycle The life cycle of a flowering plant includes gametophyte and sporophyte generations.

Results of Reproduction Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.3 Flowering Plants Results of Reproduction Fertilization is only the beginning of a long process that ends with the formation of a seed.

Seed and Fruit Development Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.3 Flowering Plants Seed and Fruit Development The sporophyte begins as a zygote, or a 2n cell. The zygote undergoes numerous cell divisions to form an embryo. Nourishment for the embryo comes from a tissue called the endosperm.

Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants

Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.3 Flowering Plants As the endospore matures, the outside layers of the ovule harden and form a protective tissue called the seed coat. As the ovule develops into a seed, changes occur in the ovary that lead to the formation of fruit.

Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.3 Flowering Plants Seed Germination When the embryo in a seed starts to grow, the process is called germination. The first part of the embryo to appear outside the seed is the radicle.

The hypocotyl is the first part of the seed to appear above ground. Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.3 Flowering Plants The hypocotyl is the first part of the seed to appear above ground. The cotyledons will provide nourishment for the seedling until photosynthesis begins.

Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants

Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Reproduction in Plants Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice biologygmh.com Glencoe Biology Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.

What term is used to describe the process Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants Chapter Diagnostic Questions What term is used to describe the process in which new plants grow from parts of an existing plant? budding regeneration vegetative reproduction sexual reproduction

What is the threadlike structure of a spore Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants Chapter Diagnostic Questions What is the threadlike structure of a spore which develops into a gametophyte? chemotaxis prothallus protonema microspore

What structure of the plant embryo first appears outside the seed? Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants Chapter Diagnostic Questions What structure of the plant embryo first appears outside the seed? cotyledon first leaf hypocotyls radicle

Which scientist uses plant cells to grow new Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.1 Formative Questions Which scientist uses plant cells to grow new plant tissues on nutrient agar? botanical technologist horticulture specialist plant physiologist tissue-culture technician

What is the term for the movement of cells in response to a chemical? Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.1 Formative Questions What is the term for the movement of cells in response to a chemical? chemitropism chemotaxis chemiosmosis hydrochemisis

What is the tiny heart-shaped gametophyte Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.1 Formative Questions What is the tiny heart-shaped gametophyte produced from a fern spore called? frond sorus prothallus protonema

What is the term for a plant that produces Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.1 Formative Questions What is the term for a plant that produces two types of spores that develop into male or female gametophytes? bisporous diasporous gametosporous heterosporous

In conifers, how are pollen grains produced Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.1 Formative Questions In conifers, how are pollen grains produced by a male cone transported to a female cone? animals fire water wind

Which is the female reproductive structure of a flower? Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.2 Formative Questions Which is the female reproductive structure of a flower?

What type of flowers are either male Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.2 Formative Questions What type of flowers are either male reproductive organs or female reproductive organs, not both? complete flowers incomplete flowers perfect flowers imperfect flowers

What is a characteristic of plants that are pollinated by animals? Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.2 Formative Questions What is a characteristic of plants that are pollinated by animals? brightly-colored petals large pistils long stamens many sepals

Which type of plant flowers when the number Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.2 Formative Questions Which type of plant flowers when the number of hours of darkness is less than its critical period? short-day plant long-day plant

Which type of plants generally has flower Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.2 Formative Questions Which type of plants generally has flower organs in multiples of three? monocots dicots tricots eudicots

What is the dominant generation in flowering plants? Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.3 Formative Questions What is the dominant generation in flowering plants? anthophyte gametophyte saprophyte sporophyte

From what plant organ does a fruit develop? Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.3 Formative Questions From what plant organ does a fruit develop? anther ovary stigma style

How does the dispersal of seeds increase the Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.3 Formative Questions How does the dispersal of seeds increase the survival rate of offspring? It increases genetic diversity. It limits the spread of disease. It reduces competition. It results in new adaptations.

What begins the process of seed germination? Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.3 Formative Questions What begins the process of seed germination? absorption of water appearance of the radicle breakdown of the endosperm growth of cotyledons

What is an adaptation that increases the Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants 23.3 Formative Questions What is an adaptation that increases the survival rate of seeds exposed to harsh conditions? dormancy photoperiodism alternation of generations internal germination

Which flower organ is indicated? pistil spore stamen sepal Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants Chapter Assessment Questions Which flower organ is indicated? pistil spore stamen sepal

Photoperiodism is associated with what plant necessity? Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants Chapter Assessment Questions Photoperiodism is associated with what plant necessity? hours of daylight hours of darkness ability to perform photosynthesis ability to reproduce

What is the food source for the embryo in a eudicot seed? Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants Chapter Assessment Questions What is the food source for the embryo in a eudicot seed? seed coat endosperm cotyledon radicle

What occurs when a new plant grows at the Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants Standardized Test Practice What occurs when a new plant grows at the end of a parent plant’s runner or stolon? artificial duplication botanic replication organic cloning vegetative reproduction

What are the first cells of the gametophyte stage? Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants Standardized Test Practice What are the first cells of the gametophyte stage? gametes spores zygotes gametophyte cells

How are flowering plants heterosporous? Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants Standardized Test Practice How are flowering plants heterosporous? Antheridia produce sperm; archegonia produce eggs. Females produce pollen grains; males develop ovules. Pistils produce megaspores; stamens produce microspores. Gametophytes produce female spores; sporophytes produce male spores.

What is this multinucleated cell called? Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants Standardized Test Practice What is this multinucleated cell called? ovule pollen grain female gametophyte male megaspore

A pollen grain from one species of plant lands Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants Standardized Test Practice A pollen grain from one species of plant lands on the stigma of a plant that is a different species. How is fertilization prevented? The pollen grain cannot undergo mitosis. The sperm nucleus cannot fuse with the egg. The pollen grain cannot produce a pollen tube. The pollen tube cannot produce sperm nuclei.

Which fertilization results in the endosperm? Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants Standardized Test Practice Which fertilization results in the endosperm? B A

Which seed is a monocot? Standardized Test Practice Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants Standardized Test Practice Which seed is a monocot?

Glencoe Biology Transparencies Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants Glencoe Biology Transparencies

Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants Image Bank

Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants Image Bank

Section 1 Vocabulary vegetative reproduction chemotaxis protonema Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants Vocabulary Section 1 vegetative reproduction chemotaxis protonema prothallus heterosporus megaspore microspore micropyle

Section 2 Vocabulary sepal petal stamen pistil photoperiodism Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants Vocabulary Section 2 sepal petal stamen pistil photoperiodism short-day plant long-day plant intermediate-day plant day-neutral plant

Section 3 Vocabulary polar nuclei endosperm seed coat germination Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants Vocabulary Section 3 polar nuclei endosperm seed coat germination radicle hypocotyl dormancy

Visualizing Pollination Germination of a Bean Seed Chapter 23 Reproduction in Plants Animation Organs of a Flower Visualizing Pollination Germination of a Bean Seed