分散式系統 Pervasive Computing 台灣大學 _EMBA 資訊管理研究所 九十二學年度第一學期 指導教授：莊裕澤 教授 學生：沈富濤、江世祺、黃錫煙

是一般性電腦運算的拓展，可創 造無所不在的計算環境，包括各 種移動設備，如汽車、手機、 PDA 等智慧型裝置 Pervasive Computing 普及運算

甚至可以應用至家電設備，如電 視機、電冰箱，甚至是販賣機、 公共電話與網路住宅。這些裝置 本身都具備簡單運算的能力，同 時與網路、內部網路或是無線網 路（ Wireless ）連接，讓使用者 可隨時隨地獲取資訊。 Pervasive Computing 普及運算

設備的核心系統都是計算機處理 器，多數以小型的嵌入式系統方 式存在，而不像桌上型的電腦或 是筆記電腦。 Pervasive Computing 普及運算

在這種情況下，有運算功能的設 備基本上是可以無所不在，且滲 透至人們的日常生活的各種層面 當中；而當所有的設備都可連結 網路，資訊的取得將更為容易。 這些互相鏈結的設備所構築出的 應用環境，基本上就稱為普及運 算。 Pervasive Computing 普及運算

普及運算的應用目標是 「任何時間、任何地點、任何設備」 （ anytime 、 anywhere 、 any devices ） 輕鬆取得資訊且能進行回應。 Pervasive Computing 普及運算

Pervasive Computing Outline  The Vision  The Enablers  Example Projects  Summary (Slides are taken from the presentations by Prof. Friedemann Mattern of ETH Zurich &Chung-Ta King, Professor of CS NTHU )

Ubiquitous Computing The Ubiquitous Computing, - offers information on the age of calm technology (calm computing), 以人為中心, 迎合人的習性 - 融入日常生活與使用工具當中 - 自主與使用者產生互動  Mark Weiser (July,23,1952 –April,27,1999), Chief technologist at XEROX Palo Alto Research Center.  Paper “The Computer for the 21 st Century”, 1991.

Vision of PvC  Visions  Everything, always, everywhere  All objects becomes smart (Communication)  Everything is connected to the Internet  Become true because of  Cheaper hardware  Smaller hardware  Wireless communication almost no cost

Goals of PvC  Integration of virtual and physical worlds  Invisible technology  Throughout desks, rooms, buildings, and life  Take the data out of information, leaving behind just an enhanced ability to act

Computing: The Trend One computer for many people One computer for each person Many computers for each person Size Number

As the Trend Goes.. Dust can compute and communicate! Size Number 請掃床底下， 我們有三吋 厚了！ “Smart” Dust

When Everything Smart.. and Communicating Computing Becomes Ubiquitous!

Phase I  Phase I  Smart, I/O devices everywhere: tabs, pads, and boards  Hundreds of computers per person, but casual, low-intensity use  Many, many “displays”: audio, visual, environmental  Wireless networks  Location-based, context-aware services  Interesting scenarios  Using a computer should be as refreshing as a walk in the woods

Requirements  Things must be smart …  small, cheap, lightweight, mobile processors, with sensors, actuators, and networking, with display…  in almost all everyday objects(embedded computing) , including on our body (“wearable computing”)  Embedded in the environment(ambient intelligence)  and connected …  wireless, most probably through the Internet  to form a smart space/environment  Low power  and is linked to the cyberspace  access to virtual world, virtual counterpart, augmented reality

I/O Devices  Post-it note-sized palmtop computers  One hundred per person per office  Always have one on you, wirelessly connected  Small touch-sensitive display screen  Scatter around the office like post-it notes  Notebook-sized computers  Ten per person per office  Stylus-based input primary  Near megabit wireless communication bandwidth  Can support multimedia when “tethered”

I/O Devices (cont.)  Wall displays  Large ones used as shared display surfaces (replaces whiteboards)  Replace physical bulletin boards, etc.  Lots of bandwidth available because they’re plugged into the wall

The Disappearing Computer “ In the 21st century the technology revolution will move into the everyday, the small and the invisible…” “The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabrics of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it.”  Mark Weiser (July,23,1952 –April,27,1999), Chief technologist at XEROX Palo Alto Research Center.

A people-friendly Vision: Computing without Computers  Invisible, embedded processors support us when dealing with the real objects  Bring the computer to the world, not the world into the computer  Concentrate on the task, not the tool  New picture of computing  The notion “computer as a tool” does no longer hold.  Instead: an invisible, ubiquitous background assistance.

A people-friendly Vision: Computing without Computers  “Invisible” stays out of the way of task  Like a good pencil stays out of the way of the writing  Like a good car stays out of the way of the driving  Bad technology draws attention to itself, not task  Like a broken, or skipping, or dull pencil  Like a car that needs a tune-up  Computers are mostly not invisible  They dominate interaction with them  Ubiquitous computing is about “invisible computers”

A people-friendly Vision: Computing without Computers  The most powerful technologies are invisible: they get out of the way to let human be effective  Electricity  Electric motors hidden everywhere (20-30 per car)  Electric sockets in every wall and portably available through batteries  Integrated, invisible infrastructure

How to Do Invisible Computing?  Integrated computer systems approach  Invisible, everywhere, computing named “ubiquitous computing” in April 1989  Invisible: tiny, embedded, attachable, …  Everywhere: wireless, dynamically configurable, remote access, adapting, …

Making Things Smart  Smart devices: Computer: Portable, wearable

Smart Objects  Real world objects are enriched with information processing capabilities  Embedded processors  in everyday objects  small, cheap, lightweight  Communication capability  wired or wireless  spontaneous networking and interaction  Sensors and actuators

Smart Objects (cont.)  Can remember pertinent events  They have a memory  Show context-sensitive behavior  They may have sensors  Location/situation/context awareness  Are responsive/proactive  Communicate with environment  Networked with other smart objects

Smart Objects (cont.)

Is this what we really want?

Pervasive Computing Outline  The Vision  The Enablers  Example Projects  Summary

First Enabler: Moore‘s Law  Processing speed and storage capacity double every 18 months  “cheaper, smaller, faster”  Exponential increase  will probably go on for the next 10 years at same rate

Generalized Moore’s Law  Most important technology parameters double every 1–3 years:  computation cycles  memory, magnetic disks  bandwidth  Consequence:  scaling down Problems: increasing cost energy

2nd Enabler: Communication  Bandwidth of single fibers ~10 Gb/s  2002: ~20 Tb/s with wavelength multiplex (often at no cost for laying new cable!)  Powerline  coffee maker “automatically” connected to the Internet  Wireless  mobile phone: GSM, GPRS, 3G  wireless LAN (> 10 Mb/s)  Bluetooth  Room networks, body area networks  Internet-on-a-chip

Ubiquitous Information PAN: Personal area network

Body Area Networks  Very low current (some nA), some kb/s through the human body  Possible applications:  Car recognize driver  Pay when touching the door of a bus  Phone configures itself when it is touched

Spontaneous Networking  Objects in an open, distributed, dynamic world find each other and form a transitory community  Devices recognize that they “belong together”

3rd Enabler: New Materials  Important: whole eras named after materials  e.g., “Stone Age”, “1st generation computers”  More recently: semiconductors, fibers  information and communication technologies  Organic semiconductors  change the external appearance of computers  “Plastic” laser  Optoelectronics, flexible displays,… ...

Smart Paper, Electronic Ink  Electronic ink  micro capsules, white on one side and black on the other  oriented by electrical field  substrate could be an array of plastic transistors  Potentially high contrast, low energy, flexible  Interactive: writable with magnetic pen

Interactive Map  Foldable and rollable You are here!

Smart Clothing  Conductive textiles and inks  print electrically active patterns directly onto fabrics  Sensors based on fabric  e.g., monitor pulse, blood pressure, body temperature  Invisible collar microphones  Kids wear  game console on the sleeve?  integrated GPS-driven locators?  integrated small cameras (to keep the parents calm)?

Smart Glasses  By 2009, computers will disappear. Visual information will be written directly onto our retinas by devices in our eyeglasses and contact lenses -- Raymond Kurzweil

Today’s Wearable Computer ready to ware

Wearable Concept (Motorola)

4th Enabler: Sensors/Actuators  Miniaturized cameras, microphones,...  Fingerprint sensor  Radio sensors  RFID  Infrared  Location sensors  e.g., GPS ...

Example: Radio Sensors  No external power supply  energy from the actuation process  piezoelectric and pyroelectric materials transform changes in pressure or temperature into energy  RF signal is transmitted via an antenna (20 m distance)  Applications: temperature surveillance, remote control (e.g., wireless light switch),...

RFIDs (“Smart Labels”)  Identify objects from distance  small IC with RF-transponder  Wireless energy supply  ~1m  magnetic field (induction)  ROM or EEPROM (writeable)  ~100 Byte  Cost ~$ $1  consumable and disposable  Flexible tags  laminated with paper

 PDAs, mobile phones, and wireless Internet appliances become request devices for information  find information  order products ... Bar Code Reader

Lego Making Lego Smart: Robot command Explorer (Hitachi H8 CPU, 32KB RAM, IR)

Lego Mindstorms

Putting Them Altogether  Progress in  computing speed  communication bandwidth  material sciences  sensor techniques  computer science concepts  miniaturization  energy and battery  display technologies ...  Enables new applications  “Post-PC era” business opportunities  Challenges for computer scientists, e.g., infrastructure

Issues To Be Solved  User Intent & Context Awareness  Cyber Foraging  Adaptation Strategy  Significant mismatch between the supply and demand of a resource  High Level Energy Management  Privacy & Trust

Pervasive Computing Outline  The Vision  The Enablers  Example Projects  Summary

Idea: Making Objects Smart  The Smart Its Project  Vision: make everyday objects as smart, interconnected information artifacts  by attaching “Smart-Its”  Smart labels  Atmel microcontroller: (ETH Zurich) 4 MIPS, 128 kB flash

“Smart-Its Friends”  How do we establish that two objects “belong together”?  Hold them together and shake!

“Smart-Its Friends”!  After the shared context has been established, the two devices can open a direct communication link to exchange application-specific data

Idea: Virtual Counterparts Real World Virtual World (Internet, cyberspace) Pure virtual objects (e.g., every object has a web server)

Ex.: As Artifact Memories  Updates triggered by events  Queries from the real world return memory content  Sensors generate events

Magnifying Glass  An object as a web link  e.g., by displaying a dynamically generated homepage  Contents may depend on circumstances, e.g., context and privileges  possibly mediated by different name resolvers  HP Cooltown project

CueCat & Its Business Models  Bar code scanner  LED based  Attached to computer via keyboard port  Scanners distributed free  $5-$10 per CueCat  Sends the Web browser directly to “right” location when scanning the bar code of an ad in a magazine

Other Applications  Physical browsing (physical entity as an icon or URL link to web pages)  Physical objects as content repositories (by associating objects with content)  Copy-and-paste in the real world  Objects as communication points (by communicating content between two persons)  Objects as physical representation of virtual state, mixed reality, smart environment

AT&T Sentient System Timeline-based context storage Location tracking Position monitoring

MIT Oxygen Project

Berkeley’s Wireless Sensor Network  MICA Motes, sensors, and TinyOS:

OceanStore: Motivation  Are data just out there?  OceanStore: An architecture for global-scale persistent storage

Pervasive Computing Outline  The Vision  The Enablers  Example Projects  Summary

Other Opportunities  New digitally enhanced products  e.g., cooperating toys, air conditioner,...  New services (“e-utilities”)  e.g., management of smart devices at home, management of personal privacy,...  Detailed and timely knowledge of product location and life cycles, individual and dynamic prices for goods,...  e.g., milk bottle reduces its price with its age  e.g., higher taxes if product transported by plane

Consequences  Indistinguishable and more tightly integrated physical and virtual worlds  Scarcest resource: human attention

Ubicomp is Situated Computing  Makes use of simple shared context  Space  Time  Proximity  Participation in the context  is physical  is out here with us  Is in many small and large places, including trivial ones

New Science from Exploring Ubicomp  Theoretical computer science: network security, caching over slow networks, …  Operating systems: scalable to wristwatches, user-extensible O.S.’s, reliable without redundancy, low power O.S.  User interfaces, hardware and software gestures, two-handed input, pie-menus, unistroke alphabets  Networking, hardware and software: radio, infrared, mobile protocols, in-building wireless LANs, over varying bandwidth  Computer architecture, hardware and software: post-it-note computers, low power O.S., multimedia pad computers

Summary  Pervasive computing emphasizes metaphors of life, interaction with other people, invisibility, and is leading to new discoveries in computer science “ Using a computer should be as refreshing as taking a walk in the woods.”