A Nation in Crisis (The marriage gets rocky) “The agitation in the subject of slavery would, if not prevented by some timely and effective measure, end in disunion.” -John Calhoun

Views on Slavery Northern Views Northern Views believe it should be abolished believe it should be abolished blacks are inferior to whites blacks are inferior to whites Southern Views: Southern Views: God intended for blacks to do the work for whites slavery was paternalistic (the master was like a father to his slaves) wage labor in the North was worse that slavery in the South Slaves were happier and healthier than northern wage earners

The Election of 1848 Big Issue: should slavery be allowed in new western territories? Big Issue: should slavery be allowed in new western territories? New Political Party: Free- Soilers vowed to keep slavery out of the new territories New Political Party: Free- Soilers vowed to keep slavery out of the new territories Democrats and Whigs embrace popular sovereignty (let states decide issue of slavery…not Congress) Democrats and Whigs embrace popular sovereignty (let states decide issue of slavery…not Congress) ?

A Compromise Avoids Crisis California wants to be a free state but that would allow free states to outnumber slave states in the Senate (threatens slavery) California wants to be a free state but that would allow free states to outnumber slave states in the Senate (threatens slavery) South - Fugitive Slave Law not being enforced South - Fugitive Slave Law not being enforced Henry Clay brings forth another compromise that would appease the North and South Henry Clay brings forth another compromise that would appease the North and South

The Compromise of 1850 Congress would admit California as a free state (North happy) Congress would admit California as a free state (North happy) Utah (UT) and New Mexico (NM) would use popular sovereignty to decide slavery Utah (UT) and New Mexico (NM) would use popular sovereignty to decide slavery Slave trade in Washington, DC would end Slave trade in Washington, DC would end The Fugitive Slave Act would require that private citizens aid in the returning of runaway slaves or be fined/imprisoned (South happy) The Fugitive Slave Act would require that private citizens aid in the returning of runaway slaves or be fined/imprisoned (South happy)

Repercussions of Fugitive Slave Act Caused northern hostility because the accused had no right to a trial or testify in court (judges were paid more to favor with slave owners) Caused northern hostility because the accused had no right to a trial or testify in court (judges were paid more to favor with slave owners) Everyone is a slave catcher Everyone is a slave catcher Unintentionally increased Northern involvement in the Underground Railroad Unintentionally increased Northern involvement in the Underground Railroad

Political Changes The Whig Party dies because they supported the Compromise of 1850 The Whig Party dies because they supported the Compromise of 1850 The Know-Nothings/American Party formed under the platform of anti-immigration (nativists) The Know-Nothings/American Party formed under the platform of anti-immigration (nativists) Republican Party: opposed the spread of slavery Republican Party: opposed the spread of slavery

Let’s Review! 1. What term applies to people who opposed the spread of slavery? a. Separatists b. Secessionists c. Free-Soilers 2. Why did Henry Clay propose what came to be known as the Compromise of 1850? a. To avoid a civil war over the issue of slavery b. To eliminate the practice of popular sovereignty c. To provide stricter penalties to those who harbored fugitive slaves 3. By 1850, what was the national debate over slavery centered on? a. Conditions in the South b. The expansion of slavery in territories c. The Missouri Compromise

The Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman, “Black Moses” Harriet Tubman, “Black Moses” Helped runaway slaves escape to freedom in the North Helped runaway slaves escape to freedom in the North “Conductors” led the way “Conductors” led the way Provided shelter, food, money Provided shelter, food, money Deepened southern distrust Deepened southern distrust

Harriet Beecher Stowe Published Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852 Published Uncle Tom’s Cabin in 1852 Showed the horrors of slavery Showed the horrors of slavery Infuriated the South Infuriated the South Wrote their own books about the advantages of slavery Wrote their own books about the advantages of slavery Spread compassion through the North Spread compassion through the North

Kansas-Nebraska Act, 1854 Senator Douglas wants popular sovereignty to be used in Nebraska Senator Douglas wants popular sovereignty to be used in Nebraska South feared that Nebraska would choose to be free (balance must be kept) South feared that Nebraska would choose to be free (balance must be kept) Douglas divides Nebraska into two states: Douglas divides Nebraska into two states: Kansas – slave Kansas – slave Nebraska – free Nebraska – free Did this go against the Missouri Compromise? Did this go against the Missouri Compromise?

“Bleeding Kansas”, 1856 Northerners and Southerners rushed to claim the territory Northerners and Southerners rushed to claim the territory Kansas had 2 governments Kansas had 2 governments One anti-slavery and one proslavery One anti-slavery and one proslavery Disputes become violent when the town of Lawrence was attacked Disputes become violent when the town of Lawrence was attacked John Brown (abolitionists) executes 5 proslavery settlers, condemned by abolitionists John Brown (abolitionists) executes 5 proslavery settlers, condemned by abolitionists Civil war between proslavery and antislavery settlers Civil war between proslavery and antislavery settlers Popular sovereignty will not work Popular sovereignty will not work

More Sectionalism The Election of 1856: The Election of 1856: – Democrats promise to not talk about the issue – Republicans oppose popular sovereignty Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857): the Supreme Court ruled: Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857): the Supreme Court ruled: slaves were not citizens (property) they could not even sue slaves were not citizens (property) they could not even sue Also ruled that Congress could not prohibit slavery in the US territories Undermined the Missouri Compromise Undermined the Missouri Compromise

The Lincoln-Douglas Debate Battle for Senate seat Battle for Senate seat ***Lincoln: ***Lincoln: personally opposed slavery personally opposed slavery Politically takes the the middle road…don’t let it expand, save the union*** Politically takes the the middle road…don’t let it expand, save the union*** Douglas: Douglas: supported popular sovereignty supported popular sovereignty Douglas wins the debate but Lincoln wins lots of followers and a reputation Douglas wins the debate but Lincoln wins lots of followers and a reputation

Let’s Review! 1. What was the reaction in America to Stowe’s book Uncle Tom’s Cabin? a. The South praised its honest portrayal of Southern life b. The North realized they were wrong about the evils of slavery c. The South claimed it was inaccurate and proof that the North was against them 2. How is the Underground Railroad an example of civil disobedience? 3. What impact did the Dred Scott decision have on the issue of slavery? a. Ended the Missouri Compromise and replaced it with popular sovereignty in all states b. Reaffirmed the Missouri Compromise c. Ended the Missouri Compromised and allowed slavery in all western states and territories

Freeport Doctrine Lincoln cornered Douglas by asking him if a state could legally exclude slavery before entering statehood Lincoln cornered Douglas by asking him if a state could legally exclude slavery before entering statehood If he said yes then he supported popular sovereignty If he said yes then he supported popular sovereignty If he said no then he opposed popular sovereignty If he said no then he opposed popular sovereignty Douglas, a supporter of the Dred Scott decision and states could vote slavery out by refusing to pass laws needed to regulate it Douglas, a supporter of the Dred Scott decision and states could vote slavery out by refusing to pass laws needed to regulate it

Violence in the Senate (1856) Abolitionist Charles Sumner stirred trouble when he delivered a speech about Kansas and also insulted Andrew Butler Abolitionist Charles Sumner stirred trouble when he delivered a speech about Kansas and also insulted Andrew Butler Butler’s nephew, Brooks attacked Sumner in the Senate with a cane [The Brooks- Sumner Incident] Butler’s nephew, Brooks attacked Sumner in the Senate with a cane [The Brooks- Sumner Incident] Shows the division between the North and South Shows the division between the North and South

John Brown’s Raid on Harper’s Ferry, 1859 “angel of God”, must avenge the evils of slavery “angel of God”, must avenge the evils of slavery Brown and his followers set out to seize the arsenal at Harper’s Ferry Brown and his followers set out to seize the arsenal at Harper’s Ferry Wanted to use violence to end slavery but this was not supported by the abolitionists Wanted to use violence to end slavery but this was not supported by the abolitionists Was cornered, captured and executed Was cornered, captured and executed

“I, John Brown, am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away but with blood. I had, as I now think vainly, flattered myself that without very much bloodshed it might be done.” -John Brown, 1859 handed to the jailer on his way to execution

The Election of 1860 Big Issue: slavery, state or federal issue? Big Issue: slavery, state or federal issue? Significance: pitted North against South (sectionalism) Significance: pitted North against South (sectionalism) Republicans nominate Lincoln, keep slavery contained where it is but don’t let it expand Republicans nominate Lincoln, keep slavery contained where it is but don’t let it expand Lincoln wins but carried NO Southern States…South is not happy Lincoln wins but carried NO Southern States…South is not happy Causes Southern states to secede [withdrawal from the Union] Causes Southern states to secede [withdrawal from the Union]

Secession After Lincoln’s election, South Carolina seceded (left) the Union After Lincoln’s election, South Carolina seceded (left) the Union If a president can be elected without their support what does that mean for slavery? If a president can be elected without their support what does that mean for slavery? Six other states followed Six other states followed Felt that Lincoln threatened slavery Felt that Lincoln threatened slavery The 7 states form the Confederate States of America The 7 states form the Confederate States of America Wrote a Constitution that gave all the power to the states and protected slavery Wrote a Constitution that gave all the power to the states and protected slavery Elect Jefferson Davis as President Elect Jefferson Davis as President

Lincoln Takes Office will not interfere with slavery where it already existed PRESERVE THE UNION will not interfere with slavery where it already existed PRESERVE THE UNION did not recognize the new Confederacy but South was looking for a fight did not recognize the new Confederacy but South was looking for a fight Lincoln wanted to maintain control of Fort Sumter Lincoln wanted to maintain control of Fort Sumter South Carolina was watching the Fort South Carolina was watching the Fort Lincoln let them know he was sending food not troops to Fort Lincoln let them know he was sending food not troops to Fort SC is suspicious and attacked Fort Sumter (1 st battle of Civil War) SC is suspicious and attacked Fort Sumter (1 st battle of Civil War)

Let’s Review! 1. How did Lincoln’s election contribute to the onset of war? a. Congress passed a resolution giving Lincoln authority over the South. b. Southern states saw his election as proof that Northern states controlled politics. c. Lincoln immediately freed Southern slaves. 2. When did Southern states secede from the Union? a. After Mississippi left the Union in January 1861 b. Before the election of 1860 c. Within a few weeks of Lincoln’s election 3. What do the Sumner Brooks incident and the raid at Harper’s Ferry reveal about the state of the nation in the late 1850s? a. Compromise was still possible over the issue of slavery b. People were willing to use violence to advance their cause for or against slavery c. Everyone in the US agreed with using violence to solve political and moral problems