La recherche Institute of High Pressure Physics L’usine metalurgique „Huta Warszawa” L’industrie La sud de la Pologne et les problématiques de l’environnement en Pologne vu par l’Ecole Polytechnique de Varsovie Jan Pluta Faculté de Physique

Perspectives énergétiques de la Pologne

La Premiere Cooperation Franco- Polonaise

France Pologne France Pologne (comparaison) et

PologneFrance Rapport Pl/Fr surface km² km² 0.59 population densité de population 123 pers./km²111 pers./km² 1.108

Perspectives énergétiques de la Pologne

Current status: Production of electric energy (2005) approx. 150 TWh. It is sufficient for the needs of country. Conclusion: No needs to build new electric power plants. but

Poland: 150 TWh. France: 580 TWh It corresponds for Poland: 580TWh *0.6 = 348 TWh More than two times more !!! What is the reason for this difference? 1.Smaller needs of industry. 2.Using of coal and/or other fuels – where the electricity can be used. comparison

Contribution of different sources of energy in the world production of electricity. Contribution of different sources of energy in the production of electricity in Poland (95% - coal) Charbon 95 % !!!

Why we need new electric power stations? Development of industry and social infrastructure Decreasing of: CO 2, SO 2, NO X emission Diversification of the sources of energy

What new source of energy is suitable for Poland?  Coal – NO (emission of CO 2, SO 2, NO X + diversification)  Oil or gas, – NO (dependence on Russia ?)  Renewable sources of energy: Water – already used Wind – OK. but insufficient Geothermal sources – too low source temperature Sun – OK. but insufficient Biomass – unrealistic and unreasonable  Nuclear – OK. but

... and what about the windmills? I do not like such view. I prefer rather this, (les cigognes)...and I am sure that the birds are of the same opinion.

Today there are more than 400 nuclear power reactors in operation in 31 countries around the world. Generating electricity for nearly 1 billion people, they account for approximately almost 17 percent of worldwide electricity generation and provide half or more of the electricity in a number of industrialized countries.

Nuclear – OK. but Czarnobyl – Society say – „No more!” Coal resources sufficient for 30 – 50 years Future of the coal mining industry (mines and miners) ??? (social problem) No experts in Poland (The construction of first nuclear power plant in Poland was stopped after the Czarnobyl disaster.)

Coal or Nuclear energy – Competition. Unacceptable! Is it possible to change competition  cooperation (?) „That is the question”

Up to now the nuclear plants were only used for the production of electric energy.... but maybe there are some other possibilities?

High-temperature nuclear plants of 4-th generation can be the solution of the problem, as:  electric energy production,  Coal  gas or liquid fuel natural source exist in Poland (coal) Social problem resolved (miners) Independence on the source of liquid/gas fuels (Russia)  High (900 0 C) temperature useful for many technological processes, e.g. production of Hydrogen.

Some numbers on Hydrogen production and application The world production of Hydrogen in 2004 is more than 50 millions ton. 95% of Hydrogen is produced from the natural gas 50% is used for the production of fertilizer artificial 40% is used by the oil refinery 97% is produced close to the location of its application 10% - year increase of world production of Hydrogen

Hydrogen in Poland today: Nitrogen processing 2 miliards m 3 of natural gas used for the production of Hydrogen and ammonia: CH 4 + 2H 2 O  CO 2 +4H 2 N 2 + 3H 2  2NH 3 High temperature reactor could diminish the year using of natural gas up to some hundreds of millions m 3.

System for Hydrogen production at the Płock refinery is using up to 100 thousands m 3 /h what is making possible to produce 80 thousands tons of Hydrogen per year. This hydrogen is then used for the processes like hydrokraking to produce light hydrocarbons from the heavy fraction of oil. High temperature reactor used in the oil refinery could increase the year production of commercial liquid fuels up to some hundreds of ton (and/or decrease the using of oil) Hydrogen in Poland today: oil refinery

High temperature reactor in small and efficient power plant Thanks to high temperature, T = 900 o C, the efficiency of the change of heat to electricity is about 45% In the case of coal plant this efficiency is less than 40%, and for currently working nuclear plants is about 35% The possibility of construction of small, efficient end ecological coal plant is unrealistic Small, efficient nuclear power plant will make competition for gas power plant – not for a large coal plant.

Heat of the reactor for the coal processing and production of gas and liquid fuel The first stage of synthetic petrol production is carbon processinfg for gas: C + H 2 O  CO + H 2 In the next stages the CO 2 is removed from the synthetic gas and the synthesis of hydrogen with carbon oxide is making: 17H 2 + 8CO  C 8 H H 2 O This technology is well known but is expensive and strenuous for the environment. Some tons of coal should be used to change on ton for the synthetic petrol. The heat from the high temperature reactor will make possible to change even some hundreds of tons of coal for liquid fuel and this process will be friendly for the environment.

Hydrogen the fuel of the future Hydrogen is seen as a fuel of the future but will become it only when some condition are fulfilled: Efficient, cheep and clean technologies of Hydrogen production Systems of hydrogen storage Fuel cells, making efficiently electricity from Hydrogen and Oxygen

High temperature reactor in the industrial centre Reactor Electricity Hydrogen Technological heat T = 900 o C

Fuel elements of high temperature reactor Fuel element design Fuel sphere (Φ = 6 cm) Half-section Graphite layer (5mm) Coated particle (Φ ≈ 1mm) Coated particles imbedded in Graphite Matrix Some layers of different materials for safety Fuel (uranium dioxide) (Φ = 0,5 mm)

Construction of high temperature reactor

Reaktor wysokotemperaturowy

And what with the radioactive waste? Reactor use some tens of tons of fuel par year. Storage of radiactive waste will be near the reactor duriong approx. 50 years of reactor operation and 50 years after the end of work. The storage place do not need a forced cooling From the very begin the fuel is in almost nondestructive microcapsules The recycling of fuel is not predicted.

Conclusion: The high temperature 4-th generation nuclear reactor is a good solution for Poland.

...and what about the future generations?

THE NUCLEAR FUSION

Tokamak ITER In Cadarache (FRANCE) "тороидальная камера в магнитных катушках"

Warsaw University of Technology History since 1826 the main building of WUT Students: Academic staff: 2500 other staff: faculties Welcome to

“Gaudeamus igitur...” Warsaw University of Technology Celebration of the new Academic Year

Warsaw University of Technology Celebration of the new Academic Year

Ecole Polytechnique de Varsovie – la structure Faculté d’Architecture Faculté de Chimie Faculté d’Electronique et Techniques d’Information Faculté d’Electrotechnique Faculté de Physique Faculté de Géodésie et Cartographie Faculté de Génie Chimique et de Génie des Procédés Faculté de Génie Civil Faculté de Génie des Matériaux Faculté de Génie de Production

11.Faculté de Génie de l’Environnement 12.Faculté des Mathématiques et Sciences d’Information 13.Faculté d’Energétique et de Génie Aérospatial 14.Faculté de Mécatronique 15.Faculté des Voitures et Machines Lourdes 16.Faculté de Transport 17.Faculté de Génie Civil, Mécanique et Pétrochimie Collège des Sciences Sociales et d’Administration Collège des Sciences Economiques et Sociales Ecole des Affaires (Bussiness School) Centre Inter – facultés de Biotechnologie Ecole des Sciences Techniques et Sociales Ecole Polytechnique de Varsovie – la structure (suite)

Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology Divisions: Complex systems Optics Semiconductors Solid State Ionics Condensed Matter Structure Solid State Technology Nuclear Physics Nonlinear Optics Divisions: Complex systems Optics Semiconductors Solid State Ionics Condensed Matter Structure Solid State Technology Nuclear Physics Nonlinear Optics

Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology Some important events at the Faculty Ceremony of Marie Curie fellowships awards... led by prof. Gerard ‘t Hooft.

Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology Some important events at the Faculty Meeting of Polish Physicists September 2005

Faculty of Physics, Warsaw University of Technology Some important events at the Faculty Festival of science 2005 „Physics under the sails and wings”

„Połowinki”

Cooperation with EMN

Cooperation agreement signed 24 March 1997 by director of EMN Mr. Germinet and rector of WUT Mr. Woźnicki during the visit of EMN delegation in Warsaw After - Rapid development of cooperation in research and education Before - scientific cooperation since 1991: experiments: E183, E193, E286 at GANIL, and NA44 at CERN

Cooperation agreement (in Polish)

Visit of the delegation from WUT with the Rector (J. Woźnicki) at EMN

Cooperation of teachersExchange of students Common research Three base elements of cooperation An idea of Mr Germinet

Exchange of students Industrial Training of EMN students in Poland Research training of WUT students in France International student project (PCI)

Number of students, (months) = 31, (93) Examples of placements: Metallurgic Plant “Warszawa-Luccini” Polish Telecom “TPSA” Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology Institute of Aviation Cancer Therapy Centre in Kielce Establishment for Nuclear Equipment in Swierk Warsaw University of Technology 3-months Industrial Training of EMN students in Poland ( )

Research training of students from WUT at EMN ( ) Number of students+tutors, (months) = 54, (85) The subjects of research projects: Analysis of the results from E286 experiment at GANIL Data Base system for SSD detector of STAR experiment System of Data Acquisition for STAR-SSD Data Base for the construction of ALICE detector Non-identical particle correlations measured by STAR Three-dimensional Imaging Technique

International student project (PCI) Autumn 1998 – „Application of semiconductor detectors for sterilisation of medical materials” Autumn 2000 – new projects with two faculties of WUT Autumn 2001 – realisation of PCI project on Radon... (spontaneous visit of EMN students in Warsaw) Autumn realisation of the next PCI project etc... January 2001 – exchange of students (in both directions) between EMN at WUT in the frame of PCI Autumn 99 – 3 common student projects with Faculty of Physics and Faculty of Environmental Engineering

PCI project 2001/2002 “Radon radiation in private and public buildings”...and makes the real measurements with French and Polish students in December Dr Wolkowicz from Polish Geological Institute demonstrates the instrument for radon measurements...

Consultation... just before......presentation...and happy after presentation! Visit in the power plant „Kawęczyn” Final report on PCI in 1999/2000 academic year in Warsaw

Cooperation of teachers September 99 – (WUT=>EMN) Visit at EMN of D. Soltyska – the head of Foreign Language Division at WUT June 2000– (EMN=>WUT) Visit of the delegation of EMN in Warsaw (presentation of the principles of APA ) March 2002 – (WUT=>EMN) Visit of Prof. Galwas and Dr. Grabski at EMN, demonstration of distance laboratories for students June 2002 – (WUT EMN) “ALE’2002” - “Active Leaning in Engineering Education” organised by John Miller-Jones from EMN with participation of Jan Pluta from WUT

Pol-Bernard Gossiaux form EMN demonstrates the principles of APA (*) for the teachers and students at The Faculty of Physics, WUT (*) APA – Apprentissage Par Action

APA L ’ A pprentissage P ar l’ A ction „Learning by Doing”, „Nauczanie przez Działanie” A new way of teaching at EMN The idea... show complicated phenomena in a simple way... (an example)

Robert Germinet The original title „L’apprentissage de l’incertain” (my translation) Learning (preparation) of (to) Uncertain

Common research

Experiment at Brookhaven National Laboratory STAR Long Island New York, USA RHIC Relativistic Heavy-Ion Collider E=mc 2 see: bnl.gov/ EMN &WUT scientific cooperation ( I ) Participation in STAR Experiment at BNL Brookhaven New York USA

see: Experiment ALICE at CERN ALICE EMN &WUT scientific cooperation ( II ) Participation in ALICE Experiment at CERN (Geneva)

UrQMD – Ultra-relativistic Quantum-Molecular Dynamics

„Phone meeting” at EMN i the frame of common participation In the STAR experiment at Brookhaven National Lab. (USA) On line are participants from: Warsaw, Brookhaven, Berkeley, Washington, Columbus... Scientific cooperation

Arrangement of cooperation (an example)

From Tue Dec 13 10:55: Date: Tue, 13 Dec :55: (CET) From: Jan Pluta To: M-me Nicole Poedras Subject: sujets de stages en Pologne Bonjour, J'ai les premiers sujets pour 4 personnes. amities, Jan ========================================================================= A. Dans "Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology" 1. APPLICATION OF ISOTOPE RATIO MASS SPECTROMETRY (IRMS) FOR EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESSES (WATER EXCHANGE POLLUTENTS EMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION) AND FOR FOOD AUTHENTICITY DETERMINATION (WINE, JUICES, etc.) Supervisor: Dr Jacek Palige, 2. CREATION OF THE INTERNET DATA BASE FOR THE AMBIENT DUST MONITORING NET. All information from the dust monitoring stations are to to be stored in the base. Communication between stations an the base is provided by the internet and GSM. Supervisor: Adrian Jakowiuk, BSc, MSc ==================================================================== Dans "Establishment for Nuclear Equipment": etc. 1. I am sending the propositions of the training subjects to EMN How it works? Organisation of the EMN students training in Poland

From Wed Jan 11 19:24: Date: Wed, 11 Jan :24: From: Jean Berniolles To: Cc: Subject: Placement inquiry: CREATION OF THE INTERNET DATA BASE Dear Mr Jakowiuk, As a part of my training in the third year at the EMN, an engineering school of Nantes, France, we have the possibility to carry out a 3-month placement abroad. I am writing to you because Mrs Poedras forwarded me the subject of the internship. I think you will appreciate my technical skills in internet programming (php, MySQL, Java ~E) and my ability to understand new systems and languages as well as applying the knowledge I have acquired. I think that this placement is a fantastic opportunity to discover a new culture and to expand my knowledge in fields (internet programming, databases, mobile access ~E) I want to be more skilled in. I will be available from the beginning of May to the end of August. I would be pleased to discuss my resume with you in more detail during an interview. In the meanwhile, do not hesitate to contact me by should you require any further information. I look forward to hearing from you. Jean Berniolles 2. Student is sending mail to his future supervisor.

Domaine rechercheObservations de l’élève Domaine informatiqueJe suis extrèmement intéressé par la Pologne. En ce qui concerne le domaine, j'aimerais beaucoup travailler dans l'informatique, et plus précisément dans le domaine de la programmation par contrainte, aide à la décision ou recherche opérationnelle (constraint programming, decision systems, operation research). Evidemment je serai prêt à travailler dans un autre domaine de l'informatique, dans le cas d’une proposition différente. En ce qui concerne l'établissement d'accueil, j'aimerais si cela est possible, avoir un stage dans un laboratoire ou dans le département R&D d'une entreprise. Tristram Gräbener Domaine de l’environnement Je suis vivement intéressé par la possibilité d'un stage en Pologne. J'aimerais effectuer un stage qui ait un lien avec le domaine environnemental, le traitement de l'eau par exemple. N'hésitez pas à me contacter si vous avez besoin de plus d'informations! Merci pour votre aide. Mathieu Gillard Domaine de l’environnement Je suis très intéressée par l'opportunité de faire un stage en Pologne. J'aimerais qu'il concerne l'environnement au sens large, et je suis ouverte à toute proposition dans ce domaine. Je vous remercie. Laleh Tcharkhti Eleves de l’Ecole des Mines de Nantes intéressés par un stage en Pologne en 2006 More info... (from Mme Nicole Poedras)

3. They start to exchange mails, sometimes also phones or faxes in order to clarify the details of the training 4. A am arranging the lodgiing for student(s) in the guest house of our school, sometimes some financial support, 5. In the begin of May students are coming to Poland for the training. 6. At the end of training the supervisor is sending an information with the evaluation of the student activity during the training to EMN. 7. EMN is sending an acknowledgement to the supervisor. It was done already with 31 students of EMN

Foto - report Group of Polish students (with tutors) in Nantes

Foto - report Group of French students in Warsaw

French and Polish students in the „Central Laboratory for Radioprotection” in Warsaw

Foto - reportWorking together – PCI

Reception for French students by Dean of the Faculty of Physics in Warsaw

Visit of Profs: J. Martino and B. Erazmus from SUBATECH at WUT, January 2003

Additional results of cooperation Work of EMN students in French Enterprises or Agencies in Poland. Many private visits in Poland of EMN students, after passing 3-month training in Polish Enterprises....and also New French-Polish family of EMN student Elric Peyre, married with Polish girl - “found” by him in Warsaw during the 3-month training in 1997.

La promenade dans Varsovie

Varsovie – la Vieille Ville

Varsovie – la Gare Centrale

La France – en Pologne Hypermarchés français à Varsovie

Warsaw – „Old town”

Warsaw- Central Railway Station

Varsovie – le monument de A. Mickiewicz

Varsovie – le centre ville 1

Aleje Jerozolimskie

Varsovie – la rue Świętokrzyska

Varsovie – le Parc de Łazienki, monument de F. Chopin Je vous invite à Varsovie. Jan Pluta