Integrating Business as Mission (BAM) into the Business School Curriculum Presented at Christian Business Faculty Association (CBFA) conference at Mount Vernon Nazarene University, OH, Jun 2011 Ric Rohm, fwrohm@seu.edu

Agenda Research purpose BAM overview Literature & resource review

SEU Mission Statement Southeastern, a dynamic, Christ-centered university, fosters student success by integrating personal faith and higher learning. Within our loving Pentecostal community, we challenge students to a lifetime of good work and of preparing professionally so they can creatively serve their generation in the Spirit of Christ. Picture of Divine Servant Fountain at SEU Southeastern University Mission (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.seuniversity.edu/about/mission_statement.php LINK

SEU Institutional Goals Picture: Divine Servant Fountain at SEU 3 of 6 institutional goals: A Family-oriented Community of Servants Servanthood in leadership as well as relationship means practical kindness in the example of Christ. We do not believe it possible to fully serve God without serving humanity. We likewise believe it is not possible to fully serve humanity without serving the family of God in this place. Professional and Academic Excellence Our God is a God who “doeth all things well.” “Good enough for church work” is a repugnant phrase to us. Here at Southeastern and in the professions and ministries to follow, we hold excellence as being consistent with who God is. Culturally Literate and Sensitive If we are committed to serve God and the world in the genuine love of Christ, we must understand the world and its true needs. Sensitivity to the spirits of those around Him was at the heart of Christ’s ministry. To understand and respond with sensitive love implies not compromise but compassion. http://www.seuniversity.edu/about/institutional_goals.php A Family-oriented Community of Servants Professional and Academic Excellence Culturally Literate and Sensitive LINK

BAM Definition Other terms Great Commission Companies Holistic ministry Kingdom Companies Marketplace Ministries Micro-Finance (faith-based) Social Entrepreneurship (faith-based) Tentmaking “Business as Mission is about real, viable, sustainable and profitable businesses; with a Kingdom of God purpose, perspective and impact; leading to transformation of people and societies spiritually, economically, socially, and environmentally – to the greater glory of God.” (Tunehag, 2008, p. 8) Tunehag, the Lausanne Senior Associate for Business as Mission, provides a succinct definition of BAM. “Business as Mission is about real, viable, sustainable and profitable businesses; with a Kingdom of God purpose, perspective and impact; leading to transformation of people and societies spiritually, economically, socially, and environmentally – to the greater glory of God” (Tunehag, 2008, p. 8). (paper p. 4) Tunehag, Mats. (2008). God means business! An introduction to business as mission, BAM. Retrieved from http://www.lausanne.org/documents/BAM_GodMeansBusiness.pdf LINK

Where are the Businesspeople? (Tunehag, 2008, p. 4)

(Elkington, 1998) (Tunehag, 2008, p. 8) Elkington, J. (1998) Cannibals with forks: The triple bottom line of 21st century business. Gabriola Island, BC, Canada: New Society Publishers. Also 1997 (hard cover) and 1999 publishing. Triple bottom line picture: http://blog.gohuman.com/index.php/vision/triple-bottom-line-for-small-local-businesses-you-can-make-it-work (Tunehag, 2008, p. 8)

Where is BAM? Beyond Grey Pinstripes Report, 600 AACSB schools “BAM,” “business as mission,” “missionary,” “missions;” no results were produced “Christian” produced only nine results The Aspen Institute is a business consulting organization that “…fosters[s] values-based leadership, encouraging individuals to reflect on the ideals and ideas that define a good society, and to provide a neutral and balanced venue for discussing and acting on critical issues” (Aspen Institute, n.d.). Since 2001, they have produced the “Beyond Grey Pinstripes Report” every two years (Beyond Grey, n.d.). Beyond Grey “…spotlights innovative full-time MBA programs leading the way in integrating social and environmental stewardship into their curriculum and scholarly research”. Over 600 Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AASCB) accredited MBA programs were surveyed (Beyond Grey, n.d.). Unfortunately this leaves out thousands of other schools. Part of the criteria for the rankings is course offerings and faculty research in the areas of social entrepreneurship. The web site allows one to search for course and research content. Upon entering terms BAM, business as mission, missionary, missions; no results were produced. Entering the word Christian produced only nine results. One involved research and the other eight courses. Of the courses, six are ethics courses, four from Notre Dame, one from Pepperdine, and one from Seattle Pacific University (one of the very few AASCB accredited Christian Universities). The other two courses are from Seattle Pacific University, managerial economics and managerial marketing. Of the hundreds of entries in the course offerings and faculty research, not one mentioned BAM. Thus there do not seem to be a lot of Christian colleges deliberately focusing on BAM. (paper p. 6) LINK

Current BAM Education Initiatives BUSN 375 (3 CR) - Business as Mission (Steve Rundle) ICS/MIS 6043 (3 CR) - Business as Missions, Tentmaking Strategies for the 10/40 Window (Patrick Lai) Biola University [La Mirada, CA] offers a three-credit course in BAM, BUSN 375 - Business as Mission, as part of their BA in Business Administration major, International Business emphasis. Dr. Steve Rundle, Associate Professor of Economics teaches the course. He is the author of Great Commission Companies. (paper p. 7) Columbia International University (CIU) [Columbia, SC] offers a course in BAM, titled ICS/MIS 6043 Business As Missions - Tentmaking Strategies for the 10/40 Window (ICS/MIS 6043, 2008). The professor, Patrick Lai is listed as an adjunct faculty in the Seminary & School of Missions and Zwemer Center for Muslim Studies (Columbia International University, n.d.). The course is an elective as part of the Seminary & School of Missions various MA programs. (paper p. 7-8)

Current BAM Education Initiatives BA in Cross-Cultural Business Admin BA in Economic Development MA in Social Entrepreneurship iBAM - Intro to BAM Toccoa Falls College is a small Christian college in Toccoa, Georgia. They offer an undergraduate degree titled Cross-Cultural Business Administration. This degree is jointly sponsored by the School of Business Administration and the School of World Missions (Kilpatrick, 2006, p. 315). It has three stated goals (a) entry into creative access countries (CAC) with a marketable skill, (b) equip students to work for missions agencies in Christian denominations or para-church organizations, and (c) encourage graduates to join church planting and unreached people-group missions activity (p. 316). (paper p. 8) Eastern University [St David’s, PA] BA in Economic Development The degree “…is designed to prepare students for international work focused on community and economic development within developing country contexts… strongly encouraged to secure a full-time, overseas assignment upon graduation” (Economic Development, n.d.). (paper p. 21) Northwest University, a Christian university in Kirkland, Washington has a master’s degree in Social Entrepreneurship. It “…teaches students to use innovative business management skills to solve social problems and create sustainable, effective organizations” (Master of Arts, n.d.). (paper p. 9) A subsidiary of Youth with a Mission (YWAM), called Business as Mission, offers a course called iBAM or Introduction to Business as Mission (iBAM Course, n.d.). “Curriculum Introduction: Our aim is to create a hands-on, interactive approach to learning to prepare participants for involvement in business as mission. The iBAM Course incorporates classroom teaching and discussion, visits to local businesses, casestudies [sic], group work, one–on–one consultations from coaches and a field trip. We aim to build on both understanding and practical skills through a wide variety of learning processes. Through the course there is an emphasis on personal development, discipleship and mentoring. Time for worship, devotions, prayer and bible study are part of the daily rhythm of the iBAM schedule (iBAM Course, n.d.).” (paper p. 9)

BAM Resources on WWW Logos linked Vancouver, BC, Canada

BAM Video Resources Partners Worldwide (http://vimeo.com/partnersww) Logos linked Partners Worldwide (http://vimeo.com/partnersww) Where There Are No Jobs – David Befus (http://www.wheretherearenojobs.com) Service Businesses (4:43 min) Endowment (2:17 min) Business Incubator (3:39 min) Micro Credit (8:24 min)

BAM Video Resources Harvest Evangelism – Ed Silvoso Logos linked Harvest Evangelism – Ed Silvoso Transformation in the Marketplace (2006) – Hawaii Transformation at Sutera Harbour Resort (2009) – Edward Ong, Malaysia, East Timor The Power of Two, Aligning Marriage, Marketplace, and Transformation (2008) – Francis and Caroline Oda

Business for the Glory of God Author: Wayne Grudem BA, Harvard University MDiv, Westminster Theological Seminary PhD, University of Cambridge Research Professor, Theology and Biblical Studies at Phoenix Seminary Wayne Grudem answers the question: Can we glorify God through business itself? Link: http://www.ps.edu/about-us/faculty-staff-board/resident-faculty/wayne-a-grudem LINK Grudem, W. A. (2003). Business for the Glory of God: The Bible's Teaching on the Moral Goodness of Business. Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books.

Business Activity Examined Ownership Productivity Employment Commercial Transactions Profit Money Inequality of Possessions Competition Borrowing & Lending Attitudes of the heart Effect on World Poverty Wayne Grudem answers the question: Can we glorify God through business itself? Grudem, W. A. (2003). Business for the Glory of God: The Bible's Teaching on the Moral Goodness of Business. Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books.

Missional Entrepreneur Author: Mark Russell BS in International Business, Auburn University MDiv, Trinity Evangelical Divinity School PhD in Intercultural Studies, Asbury Theological Seminary PhD dissertation, a study of BAM among the Chang Mai in Thailand Picture: http://www.russell-media.com/About%20Us/people LINK Russell, M. L. (2010). The Missional Entrepreneur: Principles and Practices for Business as Mission. Birmingham, AL: New Hope Publishers.

Missional Entrepreneur 7 Paradigms of BAM (p. 22-3) Business and mission Business for mission Mission in business Business as a platform for mission Business in missions Business as a cover for missions Business as mission Russell (see p. 22-3 and 291) added the second to last two to R. Paul Steven’s (2006) list in Doing God’s Business: Meaning and Motivation for the Marketplace. Russell, M. L. (2010). The Missional Entrepreneur: Principles and Practices for Business as Mission. Birmingham, AL: New Hope Publishers.

Doug Seebeck, President My Business My Mission Doug Seebeck, President Partners Worldwide Timothy Stoner Lawyer Grand Rapids, MI Book linked to website: http://www.mybusiness-mymission.com Partners World Wide logo linked to website Pictures & bios: http://www.mybusiness-mymission.com/MyBusinessMyMission_sampler.pdf. Both bios are here. Doug Seebeck bio also at: http://www.partnersworldwide.org/who-we-are/meet-the-staff LINK Seebeck, D. & Stoner T. (2009). My Business My Mission: Fighting Poverty Through Partnerships. Grand Rapids, MI: Partners Worldwide.

Case Studies Kenya Nicaragua Uganda Haiti Philippines Zambia Pictures: Top - http://www.partnersworldwide.org Bottom left - http://www.fincaleola.com/new_page_1.htm Bottom right - http://www.partnersworldwide.org

SEU Undergrad BAM Curriculum Paper p. 13

SEU Graduate BAM Curriculum Paper p. 13

SEU Intro to BAM Course Catalog Description Intended Learning Outcomes This course is an introduction to Business as Mission (BAM). It is a holistic combination of social entrepreneurship, business operations, and evangelism. The goal of BAM is to transform people and societies economically, environmentally, socially, and spiritually through the Gospel.   Intended Learning Outcomes Define BAM and related mission activities. Identify the biblical basis and mandate for BAM. Describe BAM throughout history. Describe the quadruple bottom line: spiritual, economic, social, and environmental transformation. Illustrate business and Kingdom strategy. Apply BAM principles to situations.

SEU Intro to BAM Course Spring 2011 Assigned reading 14 students (me included!) Assigned reading Business for the Glory of God Missional Entrepreneur My Business, My Mission Book of choice

BAM Related Books Befus, D.R. (2005). Where There Are No Jobs. Miami, FL: LAM. (219p) Befus, D.R. (2005). Kingdom Principles For Where There Are No Jobs. Miami, FL: LAM. (42p) Bornstein, D. (2007). How to Change the World: Social Entrepreneurs and the Power of New Ideas, Updated Edition. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (358p) Bornstein, D. & David, S. (2010). Social Entrepreneurship: What Everyone Needs to Know. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (147p) Brooks, A. C. (2009). Social Entrepreneurship: A Modern Approach to Social Value Creation. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Collier, P. (2007). The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries are Failing and What Can Be Done About It. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. (209p) Danker, W. J. (1971). Profit for the Lord: Economic Activities in Moravian Missions and the Basel Mission Trading Company. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers. (183p) Eldred, K. (2005). God is at Work: Transforming People and Nations Through Business. Ventura, CA: Regal Books. (336p)

BAM Related Books Elkington, J. & Hartigan, P. (2008). The Power of Unreasonable People: How Social Entrepreneurs Create Markets That Change the World. Boston, MA: Harvard Business Press. (242p) Goheen, W. (2004). The Galtronics Story. Eugene, OR: Wipf and Stock Publishers. (95p) case study Greer, P. & Smith P. B. (2009). The Poor will be Glad: Joining the Revolution to Lift the World out of Poverty. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan. (288p) Grudem, W. A. (2003). Business for the Glory of God: The Bible's Teaching on the Moral Goodness of Business. Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books. (96p) Great short book on how the Bible promotes business. Johnson, C. N., & Rundle, S. (2009). Business as Mission: A Comprehensive Guide to Theory and Practice. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic. (528p) This is perhaps the most comprehensive book (tome!). The first half explains BAM and all it entails. The second half gives advice and examples of business plans. This would be a great MBA book. Lai, P. (2005). Tentmaking: The Life and Work of Business and Missions. Colorado Springs, CO: Authentic Media. (418p)

BAM Related Books Little, J. (2009). Merchant to Romania: Business as Mission in Post-Communist Eastern Europe. Leominster, UK: Day One Publications. (224p) case study Mortensen, G. (2009). Stones into Schools: Promoting Peace with Education in Afghanistan and Pakistan. New York, NY: Viking. Penguin (448p). Mortensen, G. & Relin, D. O. (2006). Three Cups of Tea: One Man's Mission to Promote Peace . . . One School at a Time. New York, NY: Viking. Penguin (338p). Nicholls, A. (2006). Social entrepreneurship new models of sustainable social change. New York: Oxford University Press. Rundle, S. & Steffen, T. (2003). Great Commission Companies: The Emerging Role of Business in Missions (p. 210). Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. (204p) Russell, M. L. (2010). Our Souls At Work: How Great Leaders Live Their Faith in the Global Marketplace. Boise, ID: Russell Media. (275p) Russell, M. L. (2010). The Missional Entrepreneur: Principles and Practices for Business as Mission. Birmingham, AL: New Hope Publishers. (312p) I highly recommend this one. It includes two case studies.

BAM Related Books Sachs, J. (2005). The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time. New York, NY: Penguin Press. (416p) Sachs, J. (2008). Common Wealth: Economics for a Crowded Planet. New York, NY: Penguin Press. (400p) Sandler, M. R. (2010). Social Entrepreneurship in Education: Private Ventures for the Public Good. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Education. Seebeck, D. & Stoner T. (2009). My Business My Mission: Fighting Poverty Through Partnerships. Grand Rapids, MI: Partners Worldwide. (190p) 13 case studies Silvoso, E. (2002). Anointed for Business: How to Use Your Influence in the Marketplace to Change the World. Ventura, CA: Gospel Light. (214p) Silvoso, E. (2007). Transformation: Change the Marketplace and You Change the World. Ventura, CA: Regal. (268p) Steffen, T., & Barnett, M. (Eds.) (2006). Business as Mission: From Impoverished to Empowered. Pasadena, CA: William Carey Library. (324p) Stevens, R. P. (2000). The Other Six Days: Vocation, Work, and Ministry in Biblical Perspective. Grand Rapids, MI: W.B. Eerdmans.

BAM Related Books Stevens, R. P. (2006). Doing God's Business: Meaning and Motivation for the Marketplace. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Pub. (251p) Stevens, R. P, & Ung, A. (2010). Taking Your Soul to Work: Overcoming the Nine Deadly Sins of the Workplace. Grand Rapids, MI: William B. Eerdmans Pub. (200p) Van Duzen, J. (2010). Why Business Matters to God (And What Still Needs to Be Fixed).Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic. (206p) Yamamori, T., & Eldred, K. A. (Eds.) (2003). On Kingdom Business: Transforming Missions Through Entrepreneurial Strategies. Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books. (352p) 11 case studies Yunus, M. (2007). Creating a World Without Poverty: Social Business and the Future of Capitalism. New York, NY: PublicAffairs. (282p) Yunus, M. (2007). Banker To The Poor: Micro-Lending and the Battle Against World Poverty. New York, NY: PublicAffairs. (289p) Yunus, M. (2010). Building Social Business: The New Kind of Capitalism That Serves Humanity's Most Pressing Needs. New York, NY: PublicAffairs. (226p)

SEU Intro to BAM Guest speakers Dr. Joe Kilpatrick (BAM overview, Toccoa Falls, Accounting for BAM) Mr. Tony De Souza (Missions in Hong Kong) Dr. Joe Childs (Romania – Teaching Capitalism to Communists) Mr. Leroy VanWhy (Philippines – Missile technician to missionary) Dr. Robert Houlihan (Missionary to Japan & SE Asia) Ms. Priya Arul (Redeem the Shadows, India – Human Trafficking) Virtual guest speakers (videos) Redeem the Shadows logo linked to web site: http://rts.jondemeo.com LINK

SEU Intro to BAM Assessments 2 exams 10 HWs Book review (wiki) & presentation BAM plan Paraiso Luxury Hotel in Haiti Go Fish franchise in Sarasota, FL Perfeição De Café Coffee shop & farm in Brazil LINK LINK

SEU MBA BAM Course Catalog Description Intended Learning Outcomes This course is a study of the theory and practice Business as Mission (BAM). A holistic blend of social entrepreneurship, business operations, and evangelism; through the Gospel BAM transforms people and societies economically, environmentally, socially, and spiritually.   Intended Learning Outcomes Discuss BAM theory and related mission practices. Explain the biblical basis and mandate for BAM. Discuss BAM throughout history. Develop a company vision and mission that addresses the quadruple bottom line: spiritual, economic, social, and environmental transformation. Plan a business that integrates business and Kingdom strategy. Analyze different BAM company examples across multiple cultures.

Books considered for MBA course Johnson, C. N., & Rundle, S. (2009). Business as Mission: A Comprehensive Guide to Theory and Practice. Yamamori, T., & Eldred, K. A. (Eds.) (2003). On Kingdom Business: Transforming Missions Through Entrepreneurial Strategies. Rundle, S. & Steffen, T. (2003). Great Commission Companies: The Emerging Role of Business in Missions. Johnson, C. N., & Rundle, S. (2009). Business as Mission: A Comprehensive Guide to Theory and Practice. Downers Grove, IL: IVP Academic. This is the primary text for the course and provides an in-depth examination of the theory and practice of BAM.   Original. Rundle, S. & Steffen, T. (2003). Great Commission Companies: The Emerging Role of Business in Missions (p. 210). Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. This book provides an overview of BAM and five case studies. Revised edition (2011) Yamamori, T., & Eldred, K. A. (Eds.) (2003). On Kingdom Business: Transforming Missions Through Entrepreneurial Strategies. Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books. This book contains 11 case studies examining different types of BAM.

Potential MBA Assessments Homework and participation (20%) Paper (1500 word) on biblical basis and history of BAM (20%) Paper (1500 word) on a BAM company in a particular culture (20%) Paper (1500 word) on world phenomenon that will affect BAM in the future (20%) Group project and presentation on a BAM business plan (20%)

Paul’s Context Picture: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RomanEmpire_117.svg Picture: http://communio.stblogs.org/saint-paul

Pharisee Roman Tentmaker Christian Painting: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint_Paul_Ananias_Sight_Restored.jpg Tent: http://www.bibletimesonline.com Ananias restores Paul’s sight, painting by Pietro Cortona.(c. 1631)

Paul’s four missionary journeys Paul’s BAM Stained Glass: http://saints.sqpn.com/nggallery/post/saint-paul-the-apostle-gallery Map: http://jesusreigns.wordpress.com/2009/07/13/the-missionary-journeys-of-the-apostle-paulb Paul’s four missionary journeys

Thank You “Preach the gospel always and if necessary use words.” – attributed to Francis Assisi (Russell, 2010, p. 272) “Show me your faith without deeds, and I will show you my faith by what I do.” (James 2:18b, NIV) Picture: http://www.evangelismcoach.org/2009/did-saint-francis-of-assisi-get-it-wrong St. Francis of Assisi (1181-1226) Ric Rohm, fwrohm@seu.edu

References Aspen Institute Mission Statement (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.aspeninstitute.org/about Aspen’s Global 100: Beyond Grey Pinstripes (n.2010). Retrieved from http://www.beyondgreypinstripes.org/pdf/2009-2010BGP_Brochure.pdf Beyond Grey Pinstripes (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.beyondgreypinstripes.org Colorado Springs Welcoming International Business as Mission Training Course (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.businessasmissionnetwork.com/2010/02/colorado-springs-welcoming.html Columbia International University (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.ciu.edu Cross-Cultural Business Administration (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.tfc.edu/academics/majors/cross-cultural-business-administration.html Economic Development (n.d.). Retrieved from http://eastern.edu/academic/cas/depts/business/Economic_Development.html Economic Development Curriculum & Internship (n.d.). Retrieved from http://eastern.edu/academic/cas/depts/business/Economic_Development_Curric_Intern%20.html Gary, J. (2006). The future of business as mission: An inquiry into macro-strategy. In T. Steffen & M. Barnett (Eds.), Business as mission: From impoverished to empowered (p. 253-73). Pasadena, CA: Evangelical Missiological Society.

References Grudem, W. A. (2003). Business for the glory of God: The Bible's teaching on the moral goodness of business. Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books. iBAM Course (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.businessasmission.com/ibam.html ICS/MIS 6043 Business As Missions - Tentmaking Strategies for the 10/40 Window (2008). Columbia International University. Retrieved from http://www.ciu.edu/muslimstudies/Lai%20course%20syllabus.pdf International Business Classes (n.d.). Crowell School of Business, Biola University. Retrieved from http://www.biola.edu/academics/business/undergrad/curriculum/emphasis/international.cfm#busn202 Johnson, C. N. (2009). Business as mission: A comprehensive guide to theory and practice. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press. Johnson, C. N. and Rundle, S. (2006). Distinctives and challenges of business as mission. In T. Steffen & M. Barnett (Eds.), Business as mission: From impoverished to empowered (p. 19-36). Pasadena, CA: Evangelical Missiological Society. Kilpatrick, J. (2006). Microenterprise projects and business training. In T. Steffen & M. Barnett (Eds.), Business as mission: From impoverished to empowered (p. 306-21). Pasadena, CA: Evangelical Missiological Society. Master of Arts in Social Entrepreneurship (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.northwestu.edu/business/mase

References Organizations Involved in Kingdom Business (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.regententrepreneur.com/page.html?name=kborgs Rundle, S. & Steffen, T. (2003). Great commission companies: The emerging role of business in missions. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. Russell, M. L. (2006). The biblical basis for the integration of business and missions. In T. Steffen & M. Barnett (Eds.), Business as Mission: From Impoverished to Empowered (p. 117-31). Pasadena, CA: Evangelical Missiological Society. Russell, M. L. (2010). The missional entrepreneur: Principles and practices for business as mission. Birmingham, AL: New Hope Publishers. Seebeck, D. & Stoner T. (2009). My business my mission: Fighting poverty through partnerships. Grand Rapids, MI: Partners Worldwide. SEU 2010-2011 Academic Catalog (2010). Retrieved from http://catalog.seuniversity.edu The Work-Life Certificate Program (n.d.). Crowell School of Business, Biola University. Retrieved from http://www.biola.edu/academics/business/worklife Toccoa Falls College 10-11 Catalog (n.d.) Retrieved from http://www.tfc.edu/academics/catalogs/2010-2011%20Catalog.pdf Tunehag, M. (2008). God means business! An introduction to business as mission, BAM. Retrieved from http://www.lausanne.org/documents/BAM_GodMeansBusiness.pdf

References Tunehag, M., McGee, W., & Plummer, J. (Eds.) (2005). Business as mission: Lausanne occasional paper No. 59. Retrieved from http://www.lausanne.org/documents/2004forum/LOP59_IG30.pdf Yamamori, T., & Eldred, K. A. (Eds.) (2003). On kingdom business: Transforming missions through entrepreneurial strategies. Wheaton, IL: Crossway Books.