The Reformation Comes to England

The Reformation in England Henry VIII ( ) Second son of Henry VII Elder brother Arthur died in 1502 Sought and received papal permission to marry Catherine of Aragon, Arthur’s widow, in 1509 Named defender of the faith for his condemnations of Martin Luther in 1521

Catherine of Aragon ( ) Daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella 1510—stillborn premature daughter 1511—son Henry born, but died 52 days later Miscarriage Son who does not survive 1516—daughter Mary born Two more miscarriages Was the aunt of Charles V, king of Spain and ruler of much of western and southern Europe

Henry’s problem He needed a male heir Believed that age 42, Catherine was unlikely to give him one Appealed to Pope Clement VII for an annulment Pope was sympathetic, but Rome was under control of Charles V Pope stalls for time Henry appoints Thomas Cranmer as Archbishop of Canterbury—Cranmer grants annulment in 1533 and Henry marries the already pregnant Anne

The Break with Rome Henry excommunicated He confiscates all Church land (25% of the kingdom) and distributes it to political supporters Parliament passes Act of Supremacy  Henry made head of the Church of England (Anglican Church) The break was for political, not religious reasons

Anne Boleyn ( ) Wife #2 Lady in waiting to Catherine—numerous affairs Henry had taken her sister Mary as a mistress year before Demands marriage from Henry 1532—became pregnant 1533—secretly married 1533—Archbishop of Canterbury annuls Henry and Catherine’s marriage 1533—Elizabeth born 1534 and 1535—two unsuccessful pregnancies 1536—convicted and executed for treason on trumped up evidence

Jane Seymour (1509—1537) wife #3 Married within a month of Anne’s execution 1537—gave birth to Edward and died two weeks later

Anne of Cleves ( ) Wife #4 Marriage was the result of a diplomatic alliance of Protestant states Henry had never seen here prior to her arrival in England Henry called her “Flanders Mare” Married and divorced in 1540

Kathryn Howard ( ) Wife #5 First cousin of Anne Boleyn Married Henry six days after his divorce from Anne She was 19, he was 49 Convicted of adultery and executed

Katherine Parr (1512—1548) Wife #6 Twice widowed prior to marrying Henry Survived Henry, remarried, and later died in childbirth

Henry’s Children Edward (1537—1553)—son of Jane Seymour Protestant Died of tuberculosis at age of 16 Mary (1516—1558)—daughter of Catherine of Aragon Catholic Married Philip II of Spain—arch enemy of English Protestants Burned Protestants at stake and tried to reestablish Catholic Church Died of stomach cancer Elizabeth I ( )—daughter of Anne Boleyn Keeps England a Protestant Country

Religious division of Western Europe (c. 1555)

Catholic areas: Spain, Portugal, Italy, Austria, southern Germany, most of France, Belgium, Poland, most of Ireland Lutheran areas: northern Germany, Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Czech. Calvinist areas: Switzerland, Scotland, Netherlands, parts of France Anglican areas: England, Wales, parts of Ireland