10/05/09 The indicative —Don Aurelio, Palos Verdes cambió. Ya no es territorio mexicano y su rancho ya no existe. Ya nada es igual. © and ® 2011 Vista.

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Presentation transcript:

10/05/09 The indicative —Don Aurelio, Palos Verdes cambió. Ya no es territorio mexicano y su rancho ya no existe. Ya nada es igual. © and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc.

10/05/09 This chart shows when each of the indicative verb tenses is typically used. PRESENT timeless events: habitual events that still occur: events happening right now: future events expected to happen: La gente quiere vivir en paz. Mi madre sale del trabajo a las cinco. Ellos están enojados. Te llamo este fin de semana. PRETERITE actions or states beginning/ending at a definite point in the past: Ayer firmamos el contrato. © and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc.

past events without focus on beginning, end, or completeness: 10/05/09 IMPERFECT past events without focus on beginning, end, or completeness: habitual past actions: mental, physical, and emotional states: Yo leía mientras ella estudiaba. Ana siempre iba al mismo restaurante. Mi abuelo era alto y fuerte. FUTURE future events: probability about the present: Iré a Madrid en dos semanas. ¿Estará en su oficina ahora? CONDITIONAL what would happen: future events in past- tense narration: conjecture about the past: Él lucharía por sus ideales. Me dijo que lo haría él mismo. ¿Qué hora sería cuando regresaron? © and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc.

Han cruzado la frontera. 10/05/09 PRESENT PERFECT what has occurred: Han cruzado la frontera. PAST PERFECT what had occurred: Lo habían hablado hacía tiempo. FUTURE PERFECT what will have occurred: Para la próxima semana, ya se habrá estrenado la película. CONDITIONAL PERFECT what would have occurred: Juan habría sido un gran atleta. © and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc.

The subjunctive —Quiero que me entierren en Palos Verdes. 10/05/09 © and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc.

10/05/09 The subjunctive is used mainly in multiple clause sentences. This chart explains when each of the subjunctive verb tenses is appropriate. PRESENT main clause is in the present: main clause is in the future: Quiero que hagas un esfuerzo. Ganará las elecciones a menos que cometa algún error. PAST main clause is in the past: hypothetical statements about the present: Esperaba que vinieras. Si tuviéramos boletos, iríamos al concierto. © and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc.

main clause is in the present while subordinate clause is in the past: 10/05/09 PRESENT PERFECT main clause is in the present while subordinate clause is in the past: ¡Es imposible que te hayan despedido de tu trabajo! PAST PERFECT main clause is in the past and subordinate clause refers to earlier event: hypothetical statements about the past: Me molestó que mi madre me hubiera despertado tan temprano. Si me hubieras llamado, habría salido contigo anoche. © and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc.

Past perfect subjunctive Present perfect subjunctive 10/05/09 Present subjunctive Past subjunctive Es necesario que hagamos un esfuerzo para superarnos. It’s necessary that we make an effort to better ourselves. Yo no creía que rechazaran el plan. I didn’t believe that they would reject the plan. Past perfect subjunctive Present perfect subjunctive Tú nunca hubieras alcanzado tus sueños sin su apoyo. You never would have fulfilled your dreams without his support. La asimilación de los inmigrantes depende de los idiomas que hayan estudiado. The assimilation of immigrants depends on the languages they may have studied. © and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc.

Indicative (or infinitive) 10/05/09 The subjunctive vs. the indicative This chart contrasts the uses of the subjunctive with those of the indicative (or infinitive). Subjunctive Indicative (or infinitive) after expressions of will and influence when there are two different subjects: Quieren que vuelvas temprano. after expressions of will and influence when there is only one subject (infinitive): Quieren volver temprano. after expressions of emotion when there are two different subjects: La profesora tenía miedo de que sus estudiantes no aprobaran el examen. after expressions of emotion when there is only one subject (infinitive): Los estudiantes tenían miedo de no aprobar el examen. © and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc.

Indicative (or infinitive) 10/05/09 Subjunctive Indicative (or infinitive) after expressions of doubt, disbelief, or denial when there are two different subjects: Es imposible que Beto haya salido por esa puerta. after expressions of doubt, disbelief, or denial when there is only one subject (infinitive): Es imposible salir por esa puerta; siempre está cerrada. when the person or thing in the main clause is uncertain or indefinite: Buscan un empleado que haya estudiado administración de empresas. when the person or thing in the main clause is certain or definite (indicative): Contrataron a un empleado que estudió administración de empresas. © and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc.

Ojalá (que) is always followed by the subjunctive. 10/05/09 Ojalá (que) is always followed by the subjunctive. Ojalá (que) se mejore pronto. Impersonal expressions of will, emotion, or uncertainty are followed by the subjunctive unless there is no change of subject. Es terrible que tú fumes. Es terrible fumar. ¡ATENCIÓN! © and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc.

Indicative (or infinitive) 10/05/09 Subjunctive Indicative (or infinitive) after a menos que, antes (de) que, con tal (de) que, en caso (de) que, para que, and sin que when there are two different subjects: El abogado hizo todo lo posible para que su cliente no fuera a la cárcel. after a menos de, antes de, con tal de, en caso de, para, and sin when there is no change in subject (infinitive): El abogado hizo todo lo posible para defender a su cliente. after the conjunctions cuando, después (de) que, en cuanto, hasta que, and tan pronto como when they refer to future actions: Compraré otro teléfono celular cuando me ofrezcan un plan adecuado a mis necesidades. after the conjunctions cuando, después (de) que, en cuanto, hasta que, and tan pronto como when they do not refer to future actions (indicative): Compré otro teléfono celular cuando me ofrecieron un plan adecuado a mis necesidades. © and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc.

Indicative (or infinitive) 10/05/09 Subjunctive Indicative (or infinitive) after si in hypothetical or contrary-to- fact statements about the present: Si tuviera tiempo, iría al cine. after si in hypothetical statements about possible or probable future events (indicative): Si tengo tiempo, iré al cine. after si in hypothetical or contrary-to- fact statements about the past: Si hubiera tenido tiempo, habría ido al cine. after si in statements that express habitual past actions (indicative): Si tenía tiempo, siempre iba al cine. © and ® 2011 Vista Higher Learning, Inc.