REQUERIMIENTO 4: EQUINOS

HumanRuminantEquine Stomach30%70%9-10% Sm. Intestine 33%19%30% Cecum7%3%16% Lg. Intestine 30%7%45% REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOS Comparación digestiva

Volatile Fatty Acids Glucose Fatty Acids Fat Glycogen Digestible Carbohydrate Fermentable Fiber StomachSmall Intestine Large Intestine Fat REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOS Digestión

Maintenance - basic requirements of life Growth - youngest has highest requirements Gestation - last three months Lactation - first three months Work - depends on activity – light, moderate, intense Geriatric REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOS Categorías digestivas

Essential for all body functions Temperature regulation Feed digestion Amount of water intake – Level of exercise – Ambient temperature – Quality of feeds in ration – Proportion of diet that is forage Minimum 1 gallon/100 lbs BW/day REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOS Dieta balanceada - Agua Forage Concentrate – Grain Supplements

Size: body weight Environment Individual digestive & metabolic efficiency Dry matter intake: 1.5% of the BW Most - energy requirements are met with forage alone REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOS Mantenimiento

Muscle Glycogen Blood Glucose Anaerobic Glycolysis Oxidative Metabolism PyruvateLactate ATP Free-Fatty Acids Creatine Phosphate Myokinase and CPK Reactions CO 2 and Water Lipolysis Oxygen REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOS Fuente de energía para el desempeño

Light - western and English pleasure, trail riding, equitation, hacking Moderate - dressage, ranch work, roping, cutting, barrel racing, jumping Intense - race training, polo, cutting, REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOS Niveles de desempeño

ActivityExamplesDE (Mcal/d) MaintenancePasture16 Light workPleasure riding20 Moderate workReining, jumping24 Intense workRacing, endurance32 REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOS Energía requerida

REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOS Tabla de recomendación

First figure roughage requirement (1- 2% of body weight) ex x 1100 lbs. = lbs. Then figure D.E., C.P., Ca. and P provided by this amount of hay Next figure how much concentrate to feed based on D.E. deficit remaining Double check- does it make sense? REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOS Calculo de una ración

CABALLOS ADULTOS: P.V. (kg) = 4.3*P.T. (cm) + 3*A.C. (cm) – 785 CABALLOS DE MENOS DE CUATRO AÑOS: P.V. (kg) = 4.5*P.T. (cm) – 370 P.V. = peso vivo P.T. = perímetro torácico A.C. = alzada de la cruz Fuente = I.N.R.A. (Francia) REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOS Calculo del peso corporal

Hydrolysable CHO – Sugars & starches – Create ↓ intestinal pH &  risk of colic Fermentable CHO – Beet pulp or soy hulls – ↓ glycogen usage Fat – 3X the energy concentration of CHO – Creates higher energy feed Protein (minimal usage) REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOS Fuentes de Energía

l Why Use It For Performance Horses? lEnergy from fat is 90% utilizable lFat ↓ heat of fermentation lFat  glycogen storage prior to race lFat ↓ buildup of lactic acid during intense exercise lFat ↓ fatigue REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOS Suplementacion de grasa lNatural horse diets contain < 3-4% fat l“High Fat” sweet feeds contain 6-10% fat lFat Supplements lVegetable Oil (most common 99% fat) lRice Bran (very palatable 20% fat) lAnimal tallow (not palatable)

No gall bladder – Max ~20% in total diet – 1100 lb horse can digest 17.5 oz of fat (Just over 2 cups) If adding fat to existing diet, need to rebalance other nutrients – (i.e. vitamin E (200 IU/cup of added oil) Add 6-10 weeks before performance. REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOS Suplementación de grasa Hay requirement – Feed at least 50% of total ration as forage (pasture &/or hay) – Preferably high quality grass hay or alfalfa/grass mix Exercising horses do not need high levels of protein – More important – quality of protein Horses should be fed to meet their immediate needs – I.e. cut grain on rest days If stalled, overfeeding can  stocking up or colic

Goals – Maximize genetic potential for growth – Sound musculos keletal system Nutrient balance is importantNutrient balance is important Requires higher quality feedsRequires higher quality feeds Growth rate & age determines requirementsGrowth rate & age determines requirements Growing till reach 30 monthsGrowing till reach 30 months REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOS Crecimiento

Provision of nutrients for: – Fetal growth & development Other products of conception Last 3 month of gestation: 60 % foals’ weightLast 3 month of gestation: 60 % foals’ weight Mare needs to gain 0.3 – 0.8 lb/dMare needs to gain 0.3 – 0.8 lb/d REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOS Gestación: potro

REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOS Producción de leche

Mare statusForageConcentrateTotal Early pregnancy Late pregnancy Early lactation Late lactation Adding concentrate to late pregnancy mares accounts for limited energy & acclimates microbes Allow 1 wk to 10 d for mares to adjust to intake changesAllow 1 wk to 10 d for mares to adjust to intake changes Heavy milkers may require as much as % of BW in concentrate feed/day REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOS Yegua: Consumo de alimento (como % del peso vivo)

Fiber digestion decreases Ability to manufacture or absorb certain vitamins decrease B vitamins Vitamin C Decreased kidney function Calcium stones may build up Decreased liver function Jaundice, weight loss, lethargy, loss of appetite, intolerance for fat and protein in diet REQUERIMIENTO de EQUINOS Geriátricos