1. Energy Systems and Muscle Fibre Types

2. Three Key Nutrients
Proteins: amino acids (4.3cal/gram)
Fats: fatty acids (9.3cal/gram)
Carbohydrates: glucose/glycogen (4.1 cal/gram)
Calorie : the amount of heat require to raise 1 gram of water by 1 deg. Celsius

3. Bioenergetic conversion - the process of breaking down the three key nutrients in digestion thus enabling us to carry out physical activity.
Metabolism
- process by which the body energy is supplied and broken down by the body

4. Carbohydrates 4.1 calories per gram
Most abundant organic substance in nature
vegetables, fruits, grains
Formed via photosynthesis

5. PLANTS & PHOTOSYNTEHSIS: Carbon dioxoide (CO2) + water (H2O) + sunlight = carbohydrates (CHO) + oxygen (O2)

6. ANIMAL KINGDOM: O2 + CHO  energy + release carbon dioxide (CO2)

7. Glycogen (gk. ‘sweet’) - important carbohydrate - originates as glucose - stored in liver and skeletal muscle - carried via blood

8. ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE - ATP
ATP = Adenosine + 3 Phosphate (Pi)
Usable fuel for muscle contraction and other cellular processes within the body
Made in the mitochondria
Energy is released when (Pi) is broken from ATP…..results in ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and energy or….
ATP  ADP + Pi + energy
Used up quickly…… how can we keep up?

9. Two Energy Systems (resynthesizing ATP)
Aerobically
With O2
mitochondria
Requires breakdown on carbs then fats, and proteins
Used for endurance activities
Anaerobically
Without O2
Uses chemicals and enzymes that are readily available for short term powerful physical actions
High intensity & short run activities
These systems work together-
-- coexist, overlap and interact 

10. Metabolic Pathways
Within the 2 systems there are 3 metabolic pathways…
1. ATP-PC pathway
2. Lactic Acid pathway
3. Cellular Respiration
so here we go…….

11. ATP-PC Pathway Anaerobic Alactic - lasts 10-15 seconds
- uses stored ATP and stored creatine
phosphate
- No by products
PC (phosphocreatine) + ADP = 1 ATP + creatine
- 50m dash, high jump, weight lifting
- limited because muscles can only store a small amount of PC
and ATP

12. Lactic Acid Pathway Anaerobic Lactic - lasts 15 seconds to 3 minutes
- uses glucose and glycogen to make ATP
- by product is lactic acid and pyruvate
C(6)H(12)O(6) + 2ADP + 2Pi = 2 C(3)H(6)O(3) + 2ATP + 2H(2)0
(glucose) (lactic acid)
m sprint, 800m sprint, hockey shift

13. PYRUVATE
When inadequate O2 is present pyruvate is converted to lactic acid
Lactic acid slows glucose breakdown
Contractibility of muscles is limited
30-60 minutes of exercise recovery/1-2 hours rest recovery to rid

14. Aerobic (Cellular Respiration)
- activity longer than 90 seconds
- in mitochondria
- uses fats, proteins, glucose, glycogen to make ATP
- fats are used in exercise > 20 minutes
- proteins are used during energy shortages
C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2) + 36ADP + 36Pi = 6CO(2) + 36ATP + 6H(2)0
- complete breakdowns of glucose
- marathon running, soccer match, swimming

15. Cellular Respiration (3 Sub Pathways)
Glycolysis
Similar to Lactic Aicd pathway
Difference is O2, sopyruvate becomes acetyl CoA
Acetyl CoA is used in Kreb Cycle
2 ATP
Kreb (Citric Acid Cycle)
Metabolizes fats and proteins
8 reactions
Produces 2 ATP and new compounds
Compounds are high energy and sent to ETC
Electron Transport Chain
In mitochondria
Produces H2O + CO ATP
Free radicals (highly reactive electrons) and by products and may result in long term muscle fatigue

16. To raise, train both anaerobically and aerobically
LACTIC ACID
Blood-Lactate Threshold/Anerobic Threshold: lactate levels in the blood increase abruptly beyond resting levels
Untrained person accumulates lactate in blood at lower exercise intensity and in a shorter time than an elite athlete
To raise, train both anaerobically and aerobically
Anerobically: to extend the point at which lactate build up occurs
Aerobically: increase concentration of mitochondria and myoglobin (oxygen carrier in blood) in muscle fibre

17. CORI CYCLE
Uses lactic acid by transporting it from muscle fibre mitochondria to the liver
Converted back to glucose
Glyconeogenesis: glycogen in formed
Available as an energy source

18. Fats
Recall fats contain a large quantity of stored energy (9.3 cal/gram)
Fatty acids are available energy source
Lipolysis: triglycerides (stored fatty acids) are broken into energy source
Beta-Oxidations: chemical reactions in mitochondria that convert fatty acids to acetyl CoA
Used in Kreb cycle to make ATP
balance

19. Proteins No protein reserves in the body 20 amino acids
9 essential cannot be synthesized by body
Used in absence of other energy sources

20. Muscle Fibre Types Type I - slow twitch - red - aerobic system
- high concentration of myoglobin
- ATP producing reactions to be sustained over long periods of time

21. Type II A
- fast twitch
- reddish/whitish
- contraction is moderately fast
- moderate myoglobin
- predominantly used in anaerobic glycolysis

22. Type II B
- fast twitch
- white
- fastest contraction speed
- low myoglobin
- predominantly used in anaerobic alactic system