Warm-up Create a “word splash” of what you know about bones. Think of as many words as possible and write them down.

What is the purpose of our skeletal system? LEQ What is the purpose of our skeletal system?

The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Bones (skeleton) Joints Cartilage Ligaments (bone to bone) (tendon= bone to muscle)

The Skeletal System Skeleton comes from a Greek word meaning dried up body. Bone appears dead and dried up, but it is not! Bone is living tissue Newborn human has 350 bones Adult human has 206 bones

Changes in the Human Skeleton In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone Cartilage remains in isolated areas Bridge of the nose Parts of ribs Joints

Structure and Function • Functions of the skeletal system Provides shape and support Protects internal organs Stores minerals and fat Produces blood cells and platelets Assists in movement Look at page 193

The Two Skeletons Axial skeleton Includes the 80 bones of the head and trunk Appendicular skeleton Includes the 126 bones of the pelvis, shoulders, arms, and legs

Table 13-2 Bones by Shapes

Bones by Shapes

Classification of Bones Long bones Typically longer than wide Have a shaft with heads at both ends Contain mostly compact bone Found in legs and arms Examples: Femur, humerus Page 193. Read about epiphysis and diaphysis.

Classification of Bones Short bones Generally cube- shape and small Contain mostly spongy bone Found in wrist, ankles, and toes Examples: Carpals, tarsals

Classification of Bones Flat bones Thin and flattened Usually curved Cover organs/provide surface for lg. muscle Thin layers of compact bone around a layer of spongy bone Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum

Classification of Bones Irregular bones Irregular shape Do not fit into other bone classification categories Example: Vertebrae and hip, ear and face bones

Sesamoid Bones Sesamoid bones Small and usually embedded in tendons, used to protect integrity of tendons Patella Some in hands and feet

Table 13-1 Bones of the Body

What is the purpose of our skeletal system? Answer LEQ What is the purpose of our skeletal system?

What is one thing you would like to achieve in your lifetime? Why? Warm-up What is one thing you would like to achieve in your lifetime? Why?

What are the bones in the face? LEQ What are the bones in the face?

Divided into three parts Skull Vertebral column The Axial Skeleton Divided into three parts Skull Vertebral column Bony thorax (chest area)

The Axial Skeleton Figure 5.6

The Skull (28 bones) (18 names!) Sits on top of the vertebral column Two sets of bones Cranium (8 bones) Facial bones (14 bones) Bones are joined by sutures Only the mandible is attached by a freely movable joint

Bones of the Cranium

Frontal View

Frontal View Forehead bone; and most of upper part of eye sockets

Form bulging topsides of cranium Parietal Frontal View

Form lower sides of cranium and contains middle & inner ear structures Temporal Frontal View

Small; forms upper bridge of nose Nasal Frontal View

Forms lower, back part of nasal septum Vomer Frontal View

Zygoma Frontal View

Maxilla Frontal View

Mandible Frontal View

Frontal View Frontal Parietal Temporal Nasal Vomer Zygoma Maxilla Mandible Frontal View

Bones of the Skull Slide 5.22 Figure 5.11 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Lateral View

Frontal Lateral View

Parietal Lateral View

Temporal Lateral View

Nasal Lateral View

Zygoma Lateral View

Maxilla Lateral View

Mandible Lateral View

Sphenoid Lateral View

Occipital Lateral View

Mastoid Process Lateral View

External Auditory Meatus Lateral View

Lateral View Parietal Frontal Sphenoid Nasal Temporal Zygoma Occipital Maxilla Mastoid Process Mandible External Auditory Meatus Lateral View

The Skull Slide 5.21b Figure 5.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Sutures

Sagittal Sutures

Frontal (Coronal) Sutures

Squamous Sutures

Lamboid Sutures

Sagittal Frontal (Coronal) Squamous Lambdoid Sutures

The Cranium That’s it! No more cranium bones! 206 bones - 8 bones = 198 bones to go…

Activity! You and a partner will create a rap/song of what you’ve learned about the bones so far. You can include types of bones, names, etc. Doesn’t have to rhyme Must be 20 lines Keep it appropriate Everyone will perform. The top group gets extra credit!

What are the bones in the face? LEQ What are the bones in the face?

Answer the LEQ from yesterday. Let’s finish the raps from yesterday. Warm-up

What are the different sections of the spinal column? LEQ

Facial Bones 14 bones Most of these bones come in pairs Only the mandible and vomer are single bones Facial Bones

The Face

Facial Bones Mandible - the lower jaw bone Carries the lower teeth The anterior portion forms the chin Only freely movable joint in the skull Facial Bones

Facial Bones Maxilla (2) ~ Upper jaw Two bones fused together Roof of the mouth Also form parts of the nasal cavity and eye orbits Facial Bones

The Skull

The Facial Bones Zygomatic Bones (2) ~ the cheekbones Also forms a part of the orbits of the eyes The Facial Bones

The Skull

Other Facial Bones Lacrimal Bones (2) ~ inner wall of eye sockets Nasal Bones (2) ~ bridge of nose Vomer ~ nasal septum Inferior Nasal Conchae (2) Other Facial Bones

The Skull

Facial Bones That’s it! No more facial bones! 198 bones - 14 bones = 184 bones to go… Facial Bones

The Vertebral Column The backbone or spine Consists of 26 bones called vertebrae The Vertebral Column

The Vertebral Column Vertebrae separated by intervertebral discs (act as shock absorbers) The spine has a normal curvature Each vertebrae is given a name according to its location Figure 5.14

Vertebral column C1-C7 ~ in the neck region 7 cervical vertebrae T1-T12 ~ located in the chest region 12 thoracic vertebrae L1-L5 ~ located in the lower back 5 lumbar vertebrae Vertebral column

Sacrum ~ curved bone of the lower back (posterior wall of the pelvis) Fused sacral vertebrae 5 vertebrae at birth Coccyx ~ the tailbone 4 vertebrae at birth Vertebral column

The Bony Thorax (Thoracic Cage) The chest region Forms a cage to protect major organs Composed of sternum, ribs and thoracic vertebrae. Figure 5.19a

Thoracic Cage Sternum ~ breastbone Dagger-shaped bone located along the midline of the anterior chest Thoracic Cage

Ribs ~ 12 pairs of ribs attach posterior to the thoracic vertebrae True ribs ~ first 7 pair False ribs ~ last 5 pairs Thoracic Cage

That is it for the axial skeleton! 154 bones - 24 ribs - 1 sternum = 129 bones to go!!! That is it for the axial skeleton!

What are the different sections of the spinal column? Answer LEQ

Appendicular Skeleton Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton

Warm-up Frontal Mandible Metatarsals Femur Maxilla Phalanges Tarsals Humerus Fibula Cervical vert Radius Scapula Tibia Lumbar vert Metacarpals Costals Coccyx Vomer Xiphoid process Clavicle Thoracic vert Ulna Calcaneus Carpals Ilium Occipital Sacrum Temporal Zygomatic bone Parietal Write the following words on a sticky note. One word per note. Split with your partner.

What makes up the appendicular skeleton? LEQ What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

The Appendicular Skeleton Limbs (appendages) Pectoral (shoulder) girdle Pelvic girdle

The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Composed of two bones Clavicle – collarbone Scapula – shoulder blade These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement

Bones of the Shoulder Girdle Figure 5.20a, b Slide 5.34a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Bones of the Upper Limb The arm is formed by a single bone Humerus Head of humerus allows for rotation

Bones of the Upper Limb The forearm has two bones Ulna Radius

Radius Radius ~ locate on the lateral or thumb side when the palm of the hand is facing forward.

Ulna Ulna~ the longer of the two forearm bones. Located on the medial or little finger side of the forearm.

Bones of the Upper Limb The hand Carpals – wrist Metacarpals – palm Phalanges – fingers

Carpals Bones of the Hand

Metacarpals Carpals Bones of the Hand

Phalanges Metacarpals Carpals Bones of the Hand

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle Composed of two coxal bones (hip bones) Composed of three pair of fused bones Ilium Ischium Pubis The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis Protects several organs Reproductive organs Urinary bladder Part of the large intestine Slide 5.37

The Pelvis Slide 5.38a Figure 5.23a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Gender Differences of the Pelvis Figure 5.23c Slide 5.39 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Bones of the Lower Limbs The thigh has one bone Femur – thigh bone Slide 5.40a

Bones of the Lower Limb Patella ~ knee cap Triangular bone located within a tendon that passes over the knee.

Bones of the Lower Limbs The leg has two bones Tibia ~ shin bone Larger Fibula Long and thin

Bones of the Lower Limbs The foot Tarsals (7) – ankle Metatarsals (5) – sole/instep Phalanges (14) – toes Figure 5.25

Tarsals Bones of the Foot

Metatarsals Tarsals Bones of the Foot

Phalanges Metatarsals Tarsals Bones of the Foot

Sticky Note Activity

What makes up the appendicular skeleton? Answer LEQ What makes up the appendicular skeleton?

Warm-up Write about a time when you have experienced or seen a fracture. Give us a detailed description of what you remember.

Warm-up Take out your skeleton labeling sheet. We will finish going over the answers. Mr. Bones worksheet List axial bones List appendicular bones Tell me one thing about each bone

Fill in the bingo sheet with bones from the body. Warm-up Fill in the bingo sheet with bones from the body.

Complete worksheet on stool for warm-up. -Bring index cards to review.

Bone museum walk and Ebola reading Warm Up Bone museum walk and Ebola reading Give yourself partner 1 and 2 between you and your shoulder partner Start reading the article

What are the types of joints and where are they located? LEQ What are the types of joints and where are they located?

Synovial Joints Hinge joint Movement is like two boards joined together by a hinge Movement in one direction Elbow, knees, fingers

Types of Synovial Joints Ball and Socket Joint When ball-shaped end of one bone fits into the cup- shaped socket of another Bones can move in many directions Shoulder, hip

Types of Synovial Joints Pivot Joint Allows only for rotation around the length of a bone Head (side to side “no” action) Forearm joints (palms) supination/pronation

Types of Synovial Joints Saddle Joint When the surfaces of both articulation bones are saddle-shaped Concave/conve x Thumb Wide range of motion

Types of Synovial Joints Gliding Joint Interaction of flat surfaces of articulating bones Limited but complex movement Wrist, ankle

Types of Synovial Joints Condyloid Joint Oval-shaped surface of one bone fits into the oval-shaped depression of another Mandible, knuckles

What is the purpose of each type of joint? Answer LEQ What is the purpose of each type of joint?

Take a body outline worksheet from the stool. Write your name on it. Warm Up Take a body outline worksheet from the stool. Write your name on it.

What are the different types of bone fractures? LEQ What are the different types of bone fractures?

Bone Fractures (Breaks) Bone fractures are classified by: The position of the bone ends after fracture The completeness of the break Whether or not the bones ends penetrate the skin

Types of Bone Fractures Complete – bone is broken all the way through Incomplete (greenstick) – bone is not broken all the way through

Types of Bone Fractures Compound (open) – bone ends penetrate the skin Simple (closed) – bone ends do not penetrate the skin

Common Types of Fractures Spiral – ragged break when bone is excessively twisted; common sports injury Depressed – broken bone portion pressed inward; typical skull fracture

Common Types of Fractures Comminuted – bone fragments into three or more pieces; common in the elderly Compression – bone is crushed; common in porous bones

Common Types of Fractures Table 6.2.1

Common Types of Fractures Table 6.2.2

Common Types of Fractures Table 6.2.3

What are the different types of bone fractures? LEQ What are the different types of bone fractures?

Agenda Take out your body review homework. Make sure your name is on it. I only need the human outline. Review fractures homework Pick muscle disease project Pick health fair topic/partners Review with bone bingo

Bone Bingo Fill in each blank with a name from the following options. Name of a bone Name of a joint Type of a fracture All blanks must be filled in!