“ Tyrannosaurus Rex ” Deducing the life style of the dinosaur The “Tyrant Lizard King” of the Cretaceous Period The most “popular dinosaur” of all time... Portrayed as both deadly and loveable

“Sue” “Stan” Discovered by Sue Hendrickson in 1990 Field Museum of Natural History bought it for $7.6 million in 1997 85% of its bones recovered “Stan” Discovered by Stan Sacrison in 1987 Black Hills Institute of Geological Research 65% of its bones recovered (replicate at Tellus)

Modern Bone Wars This T-rex Skull Cost Nicholas Cage $275,000 Dueling Dinosaurs – Asking price $7 million Academic Study Vs. Commercial Sales This T-rex Skull Cost Nicholas Cage $275,000

Hell Creek Formation - 75 T-rex specimens; mostly from Montana & S.D. River Deposits in a Delta

3 2 Archosaurs flat teeth hole in jaw hole between eye & nose (black arrows) 2 Diapsids two “holes” in skull behind the eye orbit (white arrows) 4 3 Amniotic - Egg Laying 4 2 1

Lizard- like Pelvis Bird- like Hip Pelvis Pubis slopes steeply forward Pubis slopes gently backward

Classification: Hips ... Neck & Teeth ..... Feet.... Stiff Tail Coelurosaurs toes teeth Meat Eaters hips Classification: Hips ... Neck & Teeth ..... Feet.... Stiff Tail

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If this pecking is annoying just reach up and slap be off Arms so short it is comical Were they useless ?? Why T-rex was not a good boxer

Stress Analysis of very thick upper arm (humerus) indicates the arms were very strong.... Indicates could easily lift 500 pounds.

Mating Position Museo del Jurásico de Asturias “Museum of the Jurassic” Asturias, Spain

“gracile” morph Male ? “robust” morph Female ?

The Stiff Tail.... and Posture ?

Indicate he would have dislocated hip and pinched nerves in his tail Posture 77 years of Incorrect Upright Stance Studies of Vertebrae and Joints Indicate he would have dislocated hip and pinched nerves in his tail Correct Posture

“Sue” “Stan” Discovered by Sue Hendrickson in 1990 Largest know T-rex to date at 9 ½ tons If she was “average” then largest would be 11 ½ tons “Stan” Discovered by Stan Sacrison in 1987 Black Hills Institute of Geological Research Is about 20th largest on a list of 75

“Wankel” Closest full T-rex to us. Discovered by Rancher Kathy Wankel in 1988 Unveiled in Spring 2014 at Smithsonian Museum On loan from “Museum of the Rockies” Dr. John R. Horner Montana State University at Bozeman, Montana

Putting your head in the “Lion’s Mouth” Teeth Putting your head in the “Lion’s Mouth” Or Future Dentist? Teeth are ... Curved Backwards Serrated Sharp Points Overlapping jaws

A = Old Tooth He got new teeth about every two years Shed Teeth: Tooth Replacement Rate for a T-rex A = Old Tooth B = Replacement He got new teeth about every two years Erickson G PNAS 1996;93:14623-14627 - National Academy of Sciences

What & How DID T-REX Coprolite Can’t chew... Can’t crush? EAT ? Early idea About Teeth mismatch CONCLUSION... COULD NOT “CHEW” Thus shred meat only Coprolite Fossil Feces – T-rex Poop Filled with shredded bones Can’t chew... Can’t crush?

T-Rex Coprolite Cross- Section Skull plate is 10” thick Found in Canada, Studied at Univ. of Colorado Bone fragments are of a skull of a Pachycephalosaur Connective muscle tissue in some undigested pieces of meat

Large Head + Muscles Power to jaws.... Strongest “bite” for (via 3-D stress analysis) 100,000 Newton 6 tons of pressure Very large elephant sitting on you Could crush a car Would easily crack vertebrae Or break up a skull Strongest “bite” for any animal that ever existed on our planet

Hunter Scavenger Bites to Kill... Would have gone for neck vertebrae Bites for food... Would have gone for large shoulder muscles

Another T- rex attacked Stan, but he survived the Teeth Marks Only Arm Bone has Teeth marks for 24 ft. long grazing Dino. - Scavenger Bite marks healed on a vertebrate of Stan and vertebrae of Triceratops Another T- rex attacked Stan, but he survived the attack . Thus... T-rex was a “Hunter” (and a fighter)

Nerve signals have a speed limit of 180 ft/sec. .... Scavenger Arguments Not a “fast” runner... based upon distance from foot to spinal cord Nerve signals have a speed limit of 180 ft/sec. .... T-Rex would not feel what it steps on if it is running 20 mph ... Would be “running blind” -- moved more like a modern elephant

HOW FAST ?? Trackways (Trace Fossils) & Stride Distance Running is > S/H = 3.0 7.75 m / 2.5 m = 3.1 S / H

7.75m Relative Stride length = (Left foot to Left foot) 7.75 m / (Height to Hip) 2.5 m = 3.1 Speed = (dimensionless speed) x  (H.H/) x (G.A.) = 1.5 x  2.5 x 9.8 = 7.4 m/s   (Gravitational Acceleration = 9.8 m/sec2) = about 17 mph

University of London – Biomechanical Modeling Muscle Analysis from Structure & Motion Laboratory University of London – Biomechanical Modeling 18 mph John Hutchinson

Movie “Jurassic Park 2”.... T-rex ran about 40 mph Skull Structure – Stress Analysis .... A fall at that Speed would be “fatal”

Life Span and Growth Rates of Tyrannosaurs Rex Out side edge of Bone Section With “dormant periods” each year... Yearly growth lines ...like tree rings

“Sue” was 29 years old when she died of old age ? Life Span and Growth Rates of Tyrannosaurs Rex “Sue” was 29 years old when she died of old age ? Teen Age Growth Spurt .... Adding about 4.5 lbs a day

almost “human” pattern Rare Fossil of “young” T-rex in death pose Survivorship shows an almost “human” pattern (very few young died)

Dinosaur Size Comparison Sue

Largest Coprolite ? In 2010 one of the largest coprolites ever found was dug up just feet from Sarah Palin’s back porch in Alaska. Sarah was on lecture tour, and when she was advised that coprolite was buried in her back yard, she is reported as saying ... “I don’t know what the heck you’re talking about. I don’t have any corporate executives buried in my back yard, for heaven’s sake”

T-rex Ave. Spinosaurs is largest carnivores dinosaur At 14 tons (28,000 lbs) T-rex Ave. At 7 ½ tons (15,000 lbs)

Future - Science Fiction becomes Science Reality ? “Jack” Horner found a 68-million yr. old Juvenile Too Heavy for Helicopter to lift... Had to break the leg bones in the field Revealed “soft tissue” preserved Amino Acids & Proteins are present (they are similar to those of chickens..... Dr. Mary Schweitzer - NCSU)

How Many Existed? - Food Supply - Pyramids Cold Blooded Warm Blooded Eats 70% of base Eats 90% of base

Dinosaur Food Pyramid Each Level Consumes 90% of Level below it Edmontosaurus Need 100 lbs. of plants to support 10 lbs of plant eaters ....To Support ... 1 lb of T-rex

X If you want to find a T-rex... Go to 47o35’N 106o 55’W Two still in rock: First is 135 yd. bearing 60o ; + Second is 110 yd. bearing 150o

Horner JR, Goodwin MB, Myhrvold N (2011) http://www. plosone

Ratio “Live” Prey : T-rex Pie chart of the census for large-bodied dinosaurs from the entire Hell Creek Formation Ratio “Live” Prey : T-rex 4 : 1 ( not 9 : 1 ) She had to have a more diverse diet than seen in the fossil record “scavenger / cannibal” (eating your own can get to 9:1) Horner JR, Goodwin MB, Myhrvold N (2011) http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0016574

From relative ratio... To how many in North America? What proportion of land animals die in a stream or coastal region? What proportion in a stream get covered by sediment prior to decaying or being eaten? How big is the land mass? How much territory does each one need to have enough food? BEST ESTIMATE... A million to make 1 fossil skeleton Over 100 million roamed Laramidia At any one time – 90,000 alive 1 per 110 mi2 (about 75 in metro Atlanta area)

If we can compare to mammals ... Greater than a “cat” INTELLIGENCE (EQ) ... Ratio of Actual Brain Size to Predicted Brain Size (weight) EQ of T-Rex is about 1.8 If we can compare to mammals ... Greater than a “cat” Less than a “monkey”

Probably not that smart “I Speak 11 Phrase Probably not that smart But Kids “love” T-rex

“You’re Doing It Wrong” Kids aren’t good at anatomy Being a T-Rex for Halloween “You’re Doing It Wrong” Kids aren’t good at anatomy Aren’t Kids Fun !!

STOP !! Aren’t Kids Fun !! THE END

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