1. Animal Skull Identification

2. Identifying Carnivores, Herbivores, Omnivores, Predators & Prey
Teeth:
The teeth in an animal skull can tell us whether the animal was a carnivore (meat eater), herbivore (plant eater) or omnivore (meat and plant eater). The different types of teeth are:
Incisors: middle teeth in the front
Canine teeth: longer pointed teeth to the sides of the incisors
Cheek teeth: pre-molars and molars, side and back teeth

3. Carnivores
Carnivores are predators and tend to bite, tear, and gulp down food without any chewing action. Their teeth tend to be clean and white because they are not stained by plant material. The teeth of carnivores can be identified by:
Incisors: smaller and less developed
Canine teeth: large, long, and pointed for piercing and holding prey
Cheek teeth: sharp and pointed for cutting and tearing flesh, upper cheek teeth overlap the lower teeth, providing scissor- like shearing action to cut meat, they do not have the ability to move their jaws from side to side in a chewing motion

4. Skull #1

5. Herbivores
Herbivores are prey animals who need to rapidly ingest food when they have the opportunity so they can avoid being eaten by predators. Many are ruminant animals who ingest large amounts of plant material, then seek cover after eating to regurgitate and chew their cud while watching for predators.
Incisors: large, well-developed for cutting plant material
Canine teeth: resemble the incisors in form and function, flat and non-pointed, many herbivores do not have upper incisors or canines, instead they have a hard, flat upper palate that serves as a “cutting board” for the lower incisors to cut through plant stems
Cheek teeth: large and wide for grinding and chewing plant material, do not overlap, instead they make surface contact to provide a grinding action

6. Skull #2

7. Omnivores
Omnivores have a combination of carnivore and herbivore teeth characteristics. Many omnivores are either predominantly meat eaters or predominantly plant eaters. This can be determined by looking at their cheek teeth to see if they are more sharp and pointed like a carnivore’s, or more large, wide and flat like a herbivore’s.
Incisors: fairly large and well developed for cutting plant material
Canine teeth: long and pointed for killing and holding prey
Cheek teeth: combination of sharp, scissor-like canine teeth for shearing meat and teeth with rounded edges for grinding and crushing plant material, allow some contact between upper and lower molars, but do not have lower jaw movement for chewing, instead their cheek teeth perform both shearing and crushing actions

8. Skull #3

9. Predator and Prey
Predators are animals that eat other animals and prey are animals that are eaten by other animals. Predators can also become prey. Ex. When a cat eats a mouse, the cat is the predator. When the cat is then eaten by a coyote, the cat is prey.
Predators are always carnivores or omnivores, whereas prey can be carnivores, herbivores, or omnivores.
When examining skulls to determine predators, look for teeth characteristics of a carnivore or omnivore. If the teeth characteristics are strictly those of a herbivore, the animal must be a prey species.

10. Eyes
The size of the orbits (eye sockets) in relation to the overall size of the skull is good indicator of the sharpness of an animal’s eyesight. In general, the larger the orbits, the better the animal’s eyesight.
Predators: most predators have eyes located in a forward position on the skull, this provides the animal with binocular vision which means that both eyes focus on a object and the animal has a
greater ability to judge distance, an advantage when attacking prey
Prey: eye orbits are located on the side of the skull which limits binocular vision, but provides greater monocular vision which means they can see an object with only one eye, they have a greater field of view or peripheral vision, almost 180 degrees with each eye so they can almost see in a complete circle around their heads, giving them a greater ability to locate predators

11. Nasal Passage
The size of the nasal passage on a skull in relation to the overall size of the skull is an indication of the animal’s sense of smell. The thin bony structures inside the nasal passage provide the framework for membranes which sense odor, the greater the size of these structures, the greater the sense of smell. Examining the size of the nasal passage of an animal’s skull can help you identify the type of animal.

12. Identify the Following
Mystery Animal Skulls!

13. Mystery Skull #1

14. Mystery Skull #2

15. Mystery Skull #3

16. Mystery Skull #4

17. Mystery Skull #5

18. Mystery Skull #6

19. Mystery Skull #7

20. Mystery Skull #8

21. Mystery Skull #9

22. Mystery Skull #10

23. Mystery Skull #1

24. Skull #1: Wolf - Carnivore

25. Mystery Skull #2

26. Skull #2: Red Squirrel - Herbivore

27. Mystery Skull #3

28. Skull #3: Skunk - Omnivore

29. Mystery Skull #4

30. Skull #4: Eastern Cottontail - Herbivore

31. Mystery Skull #5

32. Skull #5: Raccoon - Omnivore

33. Mystery Skull #6

34. Skull #6: Sea Lion - Carnivore

35. Mystery Skull #7

36. Skull #7: Domestic Pig - Omnivore

37. Mystery Skull #8

38. Skull #8: Otter - Carnivore

39. Mystery Skull #9

40. Skull #9: Bison - Herbivore

41. Mystery Skull #10

42. Skull #10: Dog - Carnivore

43. Answers to Mystery Skulls
Wolf – C C = Carnivore
Red Squirrel – H H = Herbivore
Skunk – O O = Omnivore
Eastern Cottontail – H
Raccoon – O
Sea Lion – C
Domestic pig – O
Otter – C
Bison (cattle) – H
Dog - C

44. Bibliography Animal Skull Collection
Mammal Skulls