Australopithecus : Time & Period: 3.2 mya (million years ago) Location: Hadar, Ethiopia, South Africa Fossil Evidence: 40% of skeleton; skull, jaw, ribs, arm, pelvis, thigh bones Appearance: -large, apelike head, brain 1/3 size of modern brain Jutting jaw, prominent brow bones, flared cheekbones, toes and fingers curved, arms longer but legs same as modern man

Capabilities & Skills: -walked almost upright/straight ahead -bipedal (2-footed) -no spoken language -diet of easy to chew foods

Time & Period: 2 MYA Location: Koobi Fora, Kenya, Africa Fossil Evidence: skull, jawbone, hand & foot bones Appearance: -larger brain (750 cubic cm) then Austra and smaller back teeth, 5 ft tall, 100 lbs Capabilities & Skills: -”handy man” who made stone tools from lava & quartz rocks and tools from bones -ate fruit/plants/meat -lived in social groups and waited for large animals to leave carcass to use for bones and eat for “protein”

Time & Period: 1.8 MYA-200,000 yrs ago Location: Lake Turkana, Kenya, Africa, Bejing, China Fossil Evidence: Skull, thighbone, complete skeleton Appearance: -skull which was round & small, larger brain (900 cubic cm) -prominent single brow bone, tall, thin, barrel chested, large back teeth, no chin, stronger than modern man Capabilities & Skills: -walks taller, stronger

Time & Period: 230,000 yrs ago-30,000 yrs ago Location: Kebara Cave, Israel Fossil Evidence: skull cap, thighbones, left arm & pelvis Appearance: -brain larger than modern humans (1,450 cubic cm) -stock, short limbed, broad noses, body size larger, powerful muscles Capabilities & Skills: “wise man”, advanced tools(knives, points, blades, scrapers, spears) -group hunts; took care of sick, honored dead, nomads, built teepee-like shelters with bones and animal, frozen pits used for meat, discovered fire

Time & Location: 100,000-30,000 years ago Location: Cave in France Fossil Evidence: groups bones in burial site Appearance: -many features of modern man, large brain (1350 cubic cm), slender bones, small teeth, high, rounded skull, chin, dark skin, hairless bodies Capabilities & Skill: -not adapted for cold climates, control of fire to survive winters, blades of flint, 100 different tools (needles, fishhooks, spear thrower, bow & arrow, harpoons -traveled in small groups from campsite to campsite -constructed fireplaces, created cave art, carved clay, ivory, bone into art & musical instruments, had a language

1. Write a constructed response (1 or more paragraphs) to the following question: How do archaeologists know of evidence of early human life? Make sure you start your paragraph with the following topic sentence: Archaeologists know of evidence of early human life by many ways. Give details to support this topic sentence! 2. In your next paragraph, explain what you liked about the cave activities and what you learned.