 CAMPODEIFORM  elongated, flattened, active  Weel developed legs & antennae  Many beetles & Neuroptera (lace- wing)

 CARABIFORM (pg 29)  flattened, well-developed legs  Carabidae (beetle)  short legs, short cerci and a flattened body.

 SCARABAEIFORM  sluggish, cylindrical, c-shaped  well-developed head and thoracic legs  Scarabaeidae (beetle)

 ELATERIFORM  Wireworm  elongate, cylindrical, with a hard exoskeleton and tiny legs  Elateridae (click beetle)

 ERUCIFORM  Catterpillar-like  Cylindrical, obvious head, short antennae  Butterflies and moths

 PLATYFORM  Very flattened larva  Leg hidden or none  Diptera (flies), Lepidoptera, Coleoptera (beetle)

 VERMIFORM  Maggot (berengga)  legless, head undeveloped  Diptera (flies)  circular in cross section and tapering to a point, they do not possess legs

 EXARATE (EKSARAT)  the appendages, legs etc., are free and capable of movement  Most orders except butterflies (lepidoptera) & flies (Diptera)

 OBTECT (OBTEK)  the legs and other appendages are closely appressed to the rest of the body  not capable of free movement  butterflies

 COARCTATE (KOARKTAT)  Enclosed within the last larval skin  acts as a cocoon protects the pupa  flies (Diptera, of the sub-order Cyclorrhapha.).

 Benefit:  Rapid increase in number  Close match between organism & environment  Save time: don’t have ti find and court mate  Disadvantage: offspring (anak) not variable  3 modes(cara):  1) HERMAPHRODISM: egg & sperm produce by same individual  2) GYNOGENESIS: egg is activated by the presence of sperm in order to develop. However, the sperm cell does not contribute any genetic material to the offspring. sperm  3) PARTHENOGENESIS: reproduction without fertilization (persenyawaan)

 1) ARRHENOTOKY  unfertilised eggs develop into maleseggs  Bees, ants, wasps  2) THELYTOKY  Unfertilized eggs turn to female  aphid

 use ovipositor  variaton:  long, tubular- sticking eggs into hard suface  Long-horned grasshopper, parasitic wasp  Some are short ovipositor ♀ 6-7 cm

 Eggs hatch to produce larva/nymph  METAMORPHOSIS:  1) AMETABOLOUS  Without metamorphosis or unclear  Silverfish (Thysanura)  2) HEMIMETABOLOUS (EXOPTERYGOTA)  Incomplete m/morphosis (egg  nymph/naiad  adult)  a) Paurometabolous: the nymph and the adult would live in the same environment (grasshopper,cricket)nymph  b) Heterometabolous: the nymph & adult live in different environments. For example, Odonata naiad live in the water and cicada nymph underground, whereas the adults are aerial.Odonata  3) HOLOMETABOLOUS (ENDOPTERYGOTA)  Complete m/morphosis (egg  larva  pupa  adult)