Poultry Nutrition and Feed Ingredients What and Why Dr. Park Waldroup Novus International Distinguished Professor NCIFAP Feb. 12-13, 2007 Fayetteville AR

Nutrient requirements of chickens are well known Easy animal to study Small numbers needed Fast growth rate and short life span Close relationship between poultry scientists and the poultry industry has meant rapid transfer of knowledge

Request for new feed Transfer of research results to industry implementation has been extremely rapid in the poultry industry

Basic Approach to Feed Formulation Establish nutrient specifications to be met Determine ingredients available for use Establish limitations on ingredient usage Quantity available Physical factors Antinutritive factors Blend ingredients under the limitations imposed to provide required nutrients for optimal economic performance

Nutrient needs of poultry well known Metabolizable energy 1400 kcal Arginine 1.25 % Glycine + Serine Histidine 0.35 % Isoleucine 0.80 % Lysine 1.20 % Methionine 0.50 % Methionine + cystine 0.90 % Phenylalanine 0.72 % Phenylalanine + tyrosine Proline 0.60 % Threonine Tryptophan 0.20 % Valine Linoleic acid 1.00 % Calcium Phosphorus 0.45% Sodium Chlorine 0.20% Potassium 0.30 % Magnesium 600 mg Copper 8 mg Iodine 0.35 mg Iron 80 mg Manganese 60 mg Selenium 0.15 mg Zinc 40 mg Vitamin A 1500 IU Vitamin D 200 ICU Vitamin E 10 IU Vitamin K 0.50 mg Vitamin B12 0.01 mg Biotin Choline 1300 mg Folacin 0.55 mg Niacin 35 mg Pantothenic Acid 10 mg Pyridoxine 3.5 mg Riboflavin 3.6 mg Thiamin 1.80 mg

Complete vitamin mixes used Metabolizable energy 1400 kcal Arginine 1.25 % Glycine + Serine Histidine 0.35 % Isoleucine 0.80 % Lysine 1.20 % Methionine 0.50 % Methionine + cystine 0.90 % Phenylalanine 0.72 % Phenylalanine + tyrosine Proline 0.60 % Threonine Tryptophan 0.20 % Valine Linoleic acid 1.00 % Calcium Phosphorus 0.45% Sodium Chlorine 0.20% Potassium 0.30 % Magnesium 600 mg Copper 8 mg Iodine 0.35 mg Iron 80 mg Manganese 60 mg Selenium 0.15 mg Zinc 40 mg Vitamin A 1500 IU Vitamin D 200 ICU Vitamin E 10 IU Vitamin K 0.50 mg Vitamin B12 0.01 mg Biotin Choline 1300 mg Folacin 0.55 mg Niacin 35 mg Pantothenic Acid 10 mg Pyridoxine 3.5 mg Riboflavin 3.6 mg Thiamin 1.80 mg

Trace mineral mixes provide microminerals Metabolizable energy 1400 kcal Arginine 1.25 % Glycine + Serine Histidine 0.35 % Isoleucine 0.80 % Lysine 1.20 % Methionine 0.50 % Methionine + cystine 0.90 % Phenylalanine 0.72 % Phenylalanine + tyrosine Proline 0.60 % Threonine Tryptophan 0.20 % Valine Linoleic acid 1.00 % Calcium Phosphorus 0.45% Sodium Chlorine 0.20% Potassium 0.30 % Magnesium 600 mg Copper 8 mg Iodine 0.35 mg Iron 80 mg Manganese 60 mg Selenium 0.15 mg Zinc 40 mg Vitamin A 1500 IU Vitamin D 200 ICU Vitamin E 10 IU Vitamin K 0.50 mg Vitamin B12 0.01 mg Biotin Choline 1300 mg Folacin 0.55 mg Niacin 35 mg Pantothenic Acid 10 mg Pyridoxine 3.5 mg Riboflavin 3.6 mg Thiamin 1.80 mg

Many nutrients always present in adequate amounts Metabolizable energy 1400 kcal Arginine 1.25 % Glycine + Serine Histidine 0.35 % Isoleucine 0.80 % Lysine 1.20 % Methionine 0.50 % Methionine + cystine 0.90 % Phenylalanine 0.72 % Phenylalanine + tyrosine Proline 0.60 % Threonine Tryptophan 0.20 % Valine Linoleic acid 1.00 % Calcium Phosphorus 0.45% Sodium Chlorine 0.20% Potassium 0.30 % Magnesium 600 mg Copper 8 mg Iodine 0.35 mg Iron 80 mg Manganese 60 mg Selenium 0.15 mg Zinc 40 mg Vitamin A 1500 IU Vitamin D 200 ICU Vitamin E 10 IU Vitamin K 0.50 mg Vitamin B12 0.01 mg Biotin Choline 1300 mg Folacin 0.55 mg Niacin 35 mg Pantothenic Acid 10 mg Pyridoxine 3.5 mg Riboflavin 3.6 mg Thiamin 1.80 mg

Ten key nutrients must be considered Metabolizable energy 1400 kcal Arginine 1.25 % Lysine 1.20 % Methionine 0.50 % Methionine + cystine 0.90 % Threonine 0.80 % Tryptophan 0.20 % Calcium 1.00 % Phosphorus 0.45% Sodium

Who sets the standards for poultry feeds? In many countries, feed is sold to farmers. In most of these countries a government agency sets minimum nutrient standards that are designed to “protect” the farmer and are usually much higher than the bird needs. In an integrated system feed is not “sold” and the company sets its own standards regarding nutrient level and ingredient quality.

Variation in Nutrient Content of Broiler Starter Diets Among 160 Poultry Complexes LOW MEAN HIGH ME KCAL/LB 1311 1394 1435 CP/1400 20.77 22.87 25.00 LYS/1400 1.20 1.32 1.48 TSAA/1400 0.89 1.01 1.12

What do chickens need in their diet? Well balanced protein source. Grains, grain byproducts, and fat or oil for energy. A source of digestible phosphorus free from contaminants such as Fl or Va. Essential minerals such as Ca and Na along with many trace minerals. Essential vitamins from natural ingredients or from chemical synthesis.

Relative energy value of major grains and grain byproducts for poultry

U.S. Cereal grain usage (2002) Cereal grain usage for various purposes (2002) U.S. Cereal grain usage (2002) Amount used (million bushels) Food Alcohol Industrial Seed Feed Corn 2,026 20 5,864 Sorghum 22 1 230 Barley 164 8 88 Oats 59 13 148 Source: Feed Situation and Outlook Yearbook, ERS

U.S. Corn used for ethanol production (millions of bushels) U.S. Ethanol Production (millions of gallons)

Major Protein Sources for Poultry Plant proteins % CP Soybean meal 47.5 Canola meal 34.8 Cottonseed meal 41.0 Sunflower meal 36.8 Peanut meal 49.0 Animal proteins % CP Meat-bone meal 51.6 Fish meal 50-70 Poultry byproduct 59.5 Feather meal 82.0

Processed feeds and quantity fed in U.S. (2002) 1,000 metric tons Soybean meal 30,007 Cottonseed meal 2,441 Linseed meal 149 Peanut meal 155 Sunflower meal 232 Canola meal 1,236 Tankage and meat meal 1,740 Fish meal and solubles 223 Milk products 281 Corn gluten feed and meal 2,525 Wheat millfeeds 6,159 Rice millfeeds 625 Miscellaneous byproduct feeds 1,521 Source: Feed Situation and Outlook Yearbook, ERS

Supplemental ingredients Inedible fats from rendering, vegetable oil processing, restaurants and fast-food chains provide high energy for diets. Pure amino acid supplements enable the reduction in crude protein in the diet by providing a more balanced protein. Methionine Lysine Threonine Tryptophan

Typical U.S. Broiler Diet Ingredient Lb/ ton Yellow Corn 1300.00 Soybean meal 500.00 Animal protein source 100.00 Inedible fat supplement 65.00 Defluorinated phosphate 8.00 Limestone 10.00 Salt Vitamin premix 2.00 Trace mineral mix 1.00 Methionine supplement 5.00 Lysine supplement

MAJOR FEED ADDITIVES Anticoccidial drugs Antibiotics for growth promotion Antibiotics for disease control Arsenicals for growth promotion and enhancement of anticoccidial drugs HORMONES ARE NOT FED!!!!!!!!!!!

Feed Additive Usage in Poultry Feeds Survey of 112 poultry complexes Number Percent None 19 16.9 Antibiotic alone 48 42.8 Arsenical alone 11 9.8 Antibiotic + Arsenical 34 30.3 Total Antibiotic usage 82 73.2 Total arsenical usage 45 40.2 Source: Agri-Stats, November 2006

Nutrition and the Environment Poultry industry characterized by large numbers of animals in a concentrated area. Much of the poultry production is located in areas with poor agronomic properties Results in excess nutrients in broiler excreta for land application

Nutrition and the Environment Phosphorus excretion can be reduced by use of phytase enzymes and more closely adhering to minimum phosphorus needs. About 80-85% of US broiler diets use phytase Nitrogen excretion can be reduced by greater supplementation with synthetic amino acids and blending protein sources. This is not without cost and may reduce performance. Excretion of trace minerals such as Zn or Cu can be reduced by more costly organic forms of these minerals.

Biofuel production may significantly impact poultry feeding Increase in ethanol production will remove significant amount of corn from feed pool Residual DDGS have reduced energy value for broilers and poor protein quality Modifications to use more of the corn value for ethanol and biodiesel will further reduce DDGS value Increase in biodiesel will remove considerable amount of inedible fats Glycerine byproduct has energy value similar to corn but much less energy than do fats and oils