The joints of the bones of limbs SHANDONG UNIVERSITY Liu Zhiyu

一、The joint of upper limb

（一）The joints of shoulder girdle 1、Sternoclavicular Joint ： Composition: Sternal end of clavicle Clavicular notch of sternum Characteristic： ， articular disc Articular disc

（一）The joints of shoulder girdle Movements: forwards and backwards (20-30°) elevation and depression (60°) circumduction

2、Acromioclavicular Joint Composition: 3、Coracoacromial Ligament coracoacromial lig. coracoid process Acromion Coracoacromial arch ： Coracoacromial Ligament acromion coracoid process

（二）The joints of free upper limb 1、 Shoulder Joint head of humerus glenoid cavity of scapula Composition ： Characteristic： Glenoid cavity Head of humorus 肱骨头

Accessory structures Glenoid labrum : Coracohumeral ligament

Movements: flexion and extention, adduction , abduction, medial and lateral rotation, circumduction

2、 Elbow Joint Composition: ① Humeroulnar joint ： formed by trochlear of humerus and troclear noch ② Humeroradial joint ： formed by capitulum of humerus and head of radius ③ Proximal radioulnar joint：formed by articular circumference of radius and radial notch of ulna

Ulnar collacteral ligament Character: ①capsule: ②ligament ： Radial collacteral ligament 、 Ulnar collacteral ligament 、 Annular ligament of radius Radial collacteral ligament Ulnar collacteral ligament Annular ligament of radius

Movements: flexion and extension, pronation supination

3、Joints between radius and ulna （1）Interosseous membrane of forearm （2）Proximal radioulnar joint （3）Distal radioulnar joint movement Pronation supination

4、Joints of Hand （1）Radiocarpal Joint Articular fossa——Carpal articular surface of radius and articular disc below the ulna Composion Articular head——Proximal row of carpal: scaphoid, lunate, and triquetral bones, but not pisiform Characteristic： Capsule is lax and strengthened by surrounding ligament Movements： flexion， extension， adduction ，abduction circumduction

4、Joints of Hand （2）Intercarpal joints （3）Carpometacarpal joints： Carpometacarpal joint of thum Carpometacarpal joint of thumb Composition: trapezium and base of first metacarpal Movement: flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and opposition

（4）Metacarpophalangeal joints （5）Interphalangeal joints

二、Joints of Lower limb

（一） The joints of pelvic girdle 1、 Sacroiliac Joint ： Composition auricular surface of ilium auricular surface of sacrum

greater sciatic foramen lesser sciatic foramen （1）Sacrotuberous Ligament （2）Sacrospinous Ligament greater sciatic foramen lesser sciatic foramen greater sciatic foramen Sacrospinous Ligament lesser sciatic foramen Sacrotuberous Ligament

3、Pubic Symphysis 4、 Obturator Membrane symphysial surface interpubic disc Composition: interpubic disc

5、 Pelvis Composition: paired hip bones sacrum coccyx portions: greater pelvis lesser pelvis terminal line

Terminal line ：formed by promontory of sacrum, arcuate line, pecten of pubis, pubic tubercle, upper border of pubic symphysis lesser pelvis Pelvic inlet Pelvic outlet tip of coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament, ischial tuberosity, ramus of ischium, inferior ramus of pubissymphysis

6. Main difference between male and femal pelvis female Male Wide and short Narrow and long Overall Right angle (90~1000 ) Acute angle (70~750) Subpubic angle Round Oval or heart shaped Inlet Shallower, wide Deep ，narrow Pelvic cavity Larger Small Outlet

(二）joints of free lower limb 1、 Hip Joint (1) Composition： Acetabulum femoral head (2) Characteristic： ① acetabulum labrum ② Articular capsule attachments:

③ ligaments： iliofemoral ligament Ligament of head of femur transverse acetebular ligament Pubofemoral lig. Ischiofemoral ligament

(3) movement： Flexion Extention Addution Abdution Medial and lateral rotation Circumdution

2、Knee Joint (1) Composition： (2) Characteristic： ① ligaments ： patellar lig. Fibular collateral lig. TibiaL collateral lig Cruciate lig. Of knee anterior cruciate lig. posterior cruciate lig.

(2) Characteristic： 2、Knee Joint ② meniscus medial meniscus：C Lateral meniscus：O ③synovial membrane: Suprapatellar bursa Alar folds

(3) movements： flexion、extention，

3、joints between tibia and fibula Tibiofibular joint Crural interosseous membrane Anterior and posterior tibiofibular lig.

（1）talocrural jiont （ Ankle Joint ） 4、Joints of Foot （1）talocrural jiont （ Ankle Joint ） fibula Composition Distal end of tibia and fibula Trochlea of talus Characteristic: tibia Talus Medial lig. Lateral lig. Movement : dorsiflexion Plantaflexion

（2） Intertarsal joint Transverse tarsal joint Calcaneocuboid joint talocalcaneonavicular joint Movements: inversion eversion

（3）Tarsometatarsal joint （4）Intermetatarsal joint （5）Metatarsophalangeal joint （6） Interphalangeal joint

5、Arch of foot ： Medial longitudinal arch Lateral longitudinal arch transverse arch

supination pronation

Interphalangeal joint Metatarsophalangeal joint Tarsometatarsal joint

Tibial collateral ligament Patellar ligament Fibular Collateral

Posterior cruciate ligament Anterior cruciate ligment •

Medial meniscus lateral meniscus

Myology Introduction smooth muscle cardiac muscle skeletal muscle 

Muscles of head Muscles of neck Muscles of trunk Muscles of upper limb Muscles of lower loimb  

Shape and structure of skeletal muscles Long muscle Short muscle Flate muscle Orbicular muscle aponeurosis Structure: Muscle Belly Tendon Tendinous intersections

二 、The origin , insertion and function

（一）Fascia Superficial fascia Deep fascia （二）Synovial Bursa

（三） Tendinous Sheath Fibrous layer Synovial layer mesotendon

Synovial cyst of wrist